How to design font size for older adults: A systematic literature review with a mobile device
Open accessAbstract
With the global society aging, it is necessary to investigate suitable font size based on reading time/speed, readability and legibility for older adults. This study used a systematic review of previous and existing relevant research on font size for older adults and research on the psychophysics of reading and analyzed the outcomes based on reading time/speed, readability, legibility and the usability evaluation methods employed. Studies were selected from databases GOOGLE SCHOLAR, WEB OF SCIENCE, PUBMED, and SCIENCE DIRECT. An inclusion criterion was used to remove duplicates and avoid inconsistencies. Results suggest that older adults preferred larger font sizes. However, there exists a critical size at which readability declines. Inconsistencies in evaluation methods and experimental procedures were observed in the selected articles. This study suggested a reusable catalog of usability evaluation methods, eye tracking for user testing and a questionnaire for inquiry as suitable usability evaluation methods, a uniform metrics to measure font size (visual angle of font) in arcminutes and parameters to consider when investigating font size for older adults to ensure consistency in future studies.
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Dynamic adaptation is more aligned with the visual and cognitive needs of older users than conventional static optimization.
“This finding not only supports previous research showing that font readability affects interface friendliness for older adults (25–27), but also further suggests that dynamic adaptation is more aligned with the visual and cognitive needs of older users than conventional static optimization (28).”
From Designing age-friendly interfaces and wearable–environment integrations to enhance medication adherence: a discrete choice experiment among older adults (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that individual differences mean no single font-size recommendation is a permanent solution. The Discussion, under “Font size recommendation for older adults” (page unavailable), recommends flexible settings that let older adults select a suitable font size. These passages support adjustable design, but do not establish that dynamic adaptation better meets visual and cognitive needs than static optimization. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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“Therefore, it is crucial to design for all audiences (Hou et al., 2022).”
An Eye-Tracking-Driven Evaluation Framework for Age-Friendly Smart Home Interface
Huang, Z., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16115454
Evaluasi Keterbacaan Tipografi pada Aplikasi E-Book Mobile dalam Kondisi Pencahayaan Berbeda
Gibran, K., Gea, N., Ginting, A., et al. (2026) · Edutik Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi · doi:10.67142/edutik.v6i3.384
Ong, Q. C., Pienkowska, A., Obarcanin, E., Stona, A., Khong, A. W. H., Car, J., & Ho, A. H. Y. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/83442
“Beyond app functionalities such as implementing adjustable font sizes or using a larger font as the default [68], content designers should consider including alternative text descriptions for images, high-contrast color schemes, and scalable fonts to accommodate users with visual impairments.”
Designing Instructions for Older Adults’ Installation of Multi-Device Smart Home Systems
Maalouf, N. A., & Lee, C. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-30424-7_2
Age-Appropriate Mobile Banking Interface Design Using AI-Based Age Estimation
İsmailoğlu, F., & Öncül, A. B. (2026) · ADBA computer science. · doi:10.69882/adba.cs.2026073
“Recent mobile-interface studies have raised the recommended lower threshold for body text for older users to approximately 18–22 sp (Hou et al. 2022; Gomez-Hernandez et al. 2023).”
An LLM Web Extension for Text Adaptation to Reduce Cognitive Load in Older Adults
Rojas, R. F. D. L. R., & Soto, J. C. H. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-37438-7_36
Zhang, X., Zhang, H., & Zheng, Y. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16199695
Learn AI with AI: Designing conversational agents to support older adults in learning about AI
KangJie, E. T., Song, T., Shi, M., & Lee, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2026.103953
Developing and validating a scenario-based evaluation framework for age-friendly IPTV services
Liu, C., Tao, R., & Guo, J. (2026) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-026-01392-x
“Improving readability and visual accessibility has therefore become an important direction in age-friendly design [47, 48].”
Lamprogeorgos, A., Honorato, D., Panagopoulos, M., et al. (2026) · Arts · doi:10.3390/arts15100238
- Authors
- Hou, G., Anicetus, U., & He, J.
- Affiliations
- Ningbo University (CN)
- Guangzhou University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Hou, Guanhua
- He, Jingwei
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2022-08-01
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 931646-931646
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9376262
- OpenAlex
- W4289130364
- Semantic Scholar
- bbc8c2026555b53bd5246aef545350bc210c9f5f
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Jilin Office of Philosophy and Social Science
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- font size, older adults, readability, legibility, reading speed, visual angle, usability evaluation methods, eye tracking, aging, typographic design
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