From testbeds to high-stakes work: a review of human-AI teaming domains and teaming factors
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: Human-AI teaming is increasingly being studied in applied and high-stakes settings, yet the evidence remains dispersed across domains, constructs, and research traditions. This fragmentation also limits efforts to connect broader human-AI findings to human-robot teaming (HRT), where embodied systems make issues such as coordination, autonomy management, communication, and safety more immediate in real-world interaction. Methods: To provide a clearer picture of the field, we conducted a PRISMA-guided systematic review with bibliometric analysis of 104 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2015 and 2025 and identified through Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Results: The review maps where human-AI teaming has been evaluated and what teaming aspects are most frequently examined. Cross-domain and interdisciplinary studies were the largest category, representing broad workplace or team-based investigations not tied to a single industry and instead focused on general collaboration issues such as communication, teamwork, coordination, and coworker interaction. Gaming and entertainment, aviation, military and defense operations, emergency response and public safety, and healthcare also represented substantial portions of the literature. Across studies, performance was the most frequently examined aspect, followed by trust, explainability and transparency, decision-making, and team processes. Bibliometric patterns suggest a shift since 2020 from foundational demonstrations in controlled settings toward applied, higher-stakes contexts where trust dynamics, communication, and ethical accountability more directly shape adoption and sustained performance. Discussion: Evidence points to a practical conclusion that human-AI teaming works best when the interaction supports coordination, allowing users to form accurate expectations of the AI, adjust autonomy and delegation across task phases, and use transparency cues that calibrate reliance without adding burden. For HRT, these findings reinforce the importance of shared control, mixed-initiative interaction, and designs that help humans and robots coordinate action over time rather than simply divide functions. We conclude by outlining implications for designing and evaluating human-AI teams as socio-technical systems and for prioritizing longitudinal and in-context studies that capture how teaming evolves over time.
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Visual Correspondence-Based Explanations Improve AI Robustness and human-AI Team Accuracy
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Order Matters: Generating Progressive Explanations for Planning Tasks in Human-Robot Teaming
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A Systematic Review and Taxonomy of Human–Agent Teaming Testbeds
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How Displaying AI Confidence Affects Reliance and Hybrid Human-AI Performance
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Human factors considerations for the context-aware design of adaptive autonomous teammates
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Towards Understanding AI Delegation: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Visual Processing Ability
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Developing teamwork: transitioning between stages in human-agent collaboration
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Towards Responsible AI: Developing Explanations to Increase Human-AI Collaboration
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Multi-dimensional task recognition for human-robot teaming: literature review
Baskaran, P., & Adams, J. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2023.1123374 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Human-AI Teamwork Interface Design Using Patterns of Interactions
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Balancing Performance and Human Autonomy With Implicit Guidance Agent
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Optimizing Delegation in Collaborative Human-AI Hybrid Teams
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The Effect of AI Teammate Ethicality on Trust Outcomes and Individual Performance in Human-AI Teams
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Mixed-Initiative Human-Robot Teaming under Suboptimality with Online Bayesian Adaptation
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In human–machine trust, humans rely on a simple averaging strategy
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Human-AI collaboration in real-world complex environment with reinforcement learning
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Editorial: Variable autonomy for human-robot teaming
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Examining the effects of IT identity and trust in human-AI hybrids in virtual teams
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A Distributed Teaming Testbed for Human-Machine Collaboration in Futuristic Space Missions
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cosic, K., Kuljanac, A., & Palermo, S. (2026) · Frontiers in psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1821242 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In high-stakes settings, however, the usefulness of such systems depends not only on predictive performance but also on trust calibration, and effective teaming and oversight (Reyes et al., 2025; Gonzalez et al., 2026; Kargarnovin et al., 2026).”
An Integrated IoT–AI–UAV Swarm Architecture for Intelligent Autonomous Airport Security
Donatus, R. E. (2026) · International Journal of Data Informatics and Intelligent Computing · doi:10.59461/ijdiic.v5i3.298
Salah, F. E. M., & Elrgibe, N. M. (2026) · Comprehensive Journal of Science · doi:10.65405/cmkcnm17
Unity of Knowledge and Action: A Multi-agent Human-AI Collaborative System
Gou, J., Shang, Y., Shen, K. N., Chen, Y., & Wang, Z. (2026) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-41230-0_3
Human–AI Cognitive Division of Labor: A Structured Narrative Review and Integrative Framework
Chen, C., Li, G., Yuan, S., Xu, Q., & Cai, C. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app162110970
- Authors
- Kargarnovin, S., Hernandez, C. I., Reiners, D., Cruz-Neira, C., Bochenek, G., & Karwowski, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida
- Corresponding author
- Kargarnovin, Shaida
- Venue
- Frontiers in Robotics and AI
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2026-05-07
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 1733942-1733942
- ISSN
- 2296-9144 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC13189778
- OpenAlex
- W7160513770
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Robotics and AI (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Human-Automation Interaction and Safety
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Team Dynamics and Performance
- Keywords
- human-AI teaming, human-robot teams, coordination, trust in AI, mixed-initiative interaction, shared control, delegation, teamwork, socio-technical systems, team performance
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