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Cited by 328Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchAgriculture and Agroindustry StudiesBioenergy crop production and management

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Industrial Hemp in North America: Production, Politics and Potential

Open access
Cherney, Jerome, Small, Ernest·2016·Agronomy
DOI 10.3390/agronomy6040058
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Abstract

Most of the Western World banned the cultivation of Cannabis sativa in the early 20th century because biotypes high in ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the principal intoxicant cannabinoid) are the source of marijuana. Nevertheless, since 1990, dozens of countries have authorized the licensed growth and processing of “industrial hemp” (cultivars with quite low levels of THC). Canada has concentrated on hemp oilseed production, and very recently, Europe changed its emphasis from fiber to oilseed. The USA, historically a major hemp producer, appears on the verge of reintroducing industrial hemp production. This presentation provides updates on various agricultural, scientific, social, and political considerations that impact the commercial hemp industry in the United States and Canada. The most promising scenario for the hemp industry in North America is a continuing focus on oilseed production, as well as cannabidiol (CBD), the principal non-intoxicant cannabinoid considered by many to have substantial medical potential, and currently in great demand as a pharmaceutical. Future success of the industrial hemp industry in North America is heavily dependent on the breeding of more productive oilseed cultivars, the continued development of consumer goods, reasonable but not overly restrictive regulations, and discouragement of overproduction associated with unrealistic enthusiasm. Changing attitudes have generated an unprecedented demand for the cannabis plant and its products, resulting in urgent needs for new legislative, regulatory, and business frameworks, as well as scientific, technological, and agricultural research.

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Show all 62 references

Research works printed but not linked: 24

  1. Ehrensing, D.T. (1998). Feasibility of Industrial Hemp Production in the United States Pacific Northwest, Oregon State University. Station Bulletin 681.
  2. Janick, J., and Whipkey, A. (2002). Trends in New Crops and New Uses, ASHS Press.
  3. Suardana, 2011, Mechanical properties of hemp fibres and hemp/PP composites: Effects of chemical surface treatment, Mater. Phys. Mech., 11, 1
  4. Huang, H.T. (2000). Science and Civilization in China, Vol. 6: Biology and Biological Technology, Part V: Fermentation and Food Science, Cambridge University.
  5. Laakkonen, 1998, Update on FIN-314, J. Int. Hemp Assoc., 5, 34
  6. Moreau, R., and Kamal-Eldin, A. (2009). Gourmet and Health-Promoting Specialty Oils, AOCS Press.
  7. Grotenhermen, F., and Russo, E. (2002). Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential, Haworth Integrative Healing Press.
  8. Mölleken, H., Mothes, H., and Dudek, S. (2000, January 13–16). Quality of hemp fruits and hemp oil in relation to the maturity of the fruits. Proceedings of the Bioresource Hemp & Other Fibre Crops: Proceedings of the Symposium, Wolfsburg, Germany.
  9. Small, E., and Marcus, D. (2000, January 13–16). Hemp germplasm trials in Canada. Irregularly paginated. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium Bioresource Hemp, Wolfsburg, Germany.
  10. Theimer, 1997, Survey of minor fatty acids in Cannabis sativa L. fruits of various origins, J. Int. Hemp Assoc., 4, 13
  11. Pertwee, R.G. (2014). Handbook of Cannabis, Oxford University Press. · DOI
  12. Grotenhermen, 1998, Industrial hemp is not marijuana: comments on the drug potential of fiber Cannabis, J. Int. Hemp Assoc., 5, 96
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  14. Bouloc, P., Allegret, S., and Arnaud, L. (2013). Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses, CAB International. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Montford, 1999, Measuring harm and benefit: The biodiversity friendliness of Cannabis sativa L., Glob. Biodivers., 8, 2
  16. Montford, 1999, A comparison of the biodiversity friendliness of crops with special reference to hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), J. Int. Hemp Assoc., 6, 53
  17. Bouloc, P., Allegret, S., and Arnaud, L. (2013). Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses, CAB International. · DOI · Paper page
  18. Kerckhoffs, H., Kavas, Y., Millner, J., Anderson, C., and Kawana-Brown, E. (2015, January 20–24). Industrial hemp in New Zealand—Potential for cash cropping for a better environment in the Taranaki region. Proceedings of the 17th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference, Hobart, Australia.
  19. Johnson, 1999, Industrial hemp: A critical review of claimed potential for Cannabis sativa, Tappi J., 82, 77
  20. 1994, Hemp facts and hemp fiction, J. Int. Hemp Assoc., 1, 58
  21. Chan Halbrendt, C., Wang, Q., and Mole, M.C. (1996, January 16). Alternative agricultural strategies in Vermont: The case of industrial hemp. Proceedings of the Vermont Agricultural Economic Development Conference, South Burlington, VT, USA.
  22. Brady, 2003, The argument for the legalization of industrial hemp, San Joaquin Agric. Law Rev., 13, 85
  23. Kolosov, 2009, Evaluating the public interest: Regulation of industrial hemp under the Controlled Substances Act, UCLA Law Rev., 57, 237
  24. Shepherd, 1999, Lethal concentration of power: How the D.E.A. acts improperly to prohibit the growth of the industrial hemp, UMKC Law Rev., 68, 239

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Metadata

Authors
Cherney, J., & Small, E.
Affiliations
  • Cornell University (US)
  • Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
Corresponding author
Cherney, Jerome
ORCID
Venue
Agronomy
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2016-11-12
Volume
6
Issue
4
Pages
58
ISSN
2073-4395 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/agronomy6040058
OpenAlex
W2550928996
Cited by
328
References
62
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3
FWCI
7.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Agronomy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
Keywords
industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa, hemp fiber, cannabidiol, THC, hemp breeding, hemp industry, North America

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