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Industrial Hemp in North America: Production, Politics and Potential
Open accessAbstract
Most of the Western World banned the cultivation of Cannabis sativa in the early 20th century because biotypes high in ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the principal intoxicant cannabinoid) are the source of marijuana. Nevertheless, since 1990, dozens of countries have authorized the licensed growth and processing of “industrial hemp” (cultivars with quite low levels of THC). Canada has concentrated on hemp oilseed production, and very recently, Europe changed its emphasis from fiber to oilseed. The USA, historically a major hemp producer, appears on the verge of reintroducing industrial hemp production. This presentation provides updates on various agricultural, scientific, social, and political considerations that impact the commercial hemp industry in the United States and Canada. The most promising scenario for the hemp industry in North America is a continuing focus on oilseed production, as well as cannabidiol (CBD), the principal non-intoxicant cannabinoid considered by many to have substantial medical potential, and currently in great demand as a pharmaceutical. Future success of the industrial hemp industry in North America is heavily dependent on the breeding of more productive oilseed cultivars, the continued development of consumer goods, reasonable but not overly restrictive regulations, and discouragement of overproduction associated with unrealistic enthusiasm. Changing attitudes have generated an unprecedented demand for the cannabis plant and its products, resulting in urgent needs for new legislative, regulatory, and business frameworks, as well as scientific, technological, and agricultural research.
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“after World War II, hemp cultivation was banned in 1938 in North America (Cherney and Small 2016).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Cherney and Small 2016
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“The US Farm Bill of 2014 permitted the cultivation of industrial hemp in the US on a pilot scale for research purposes, though it was still considered a controlled substance (Cherney and Small 2016).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Cherney and Small 2016
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“Hemp bast fibers are regarded as the strongest and longest natural fiber, and they are cheaper to manufacture, and last far longer than materials such as cotton (Cherney and Small 2016; Manaia et al. 2019; Rehman et al. 2021).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Cherney and Small 2016
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“Cannabis is often classified as either marijuana or industrial hemp based on the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration threshold (Cherney and Small 2016).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cherney, J., & Small, E.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Cherney, Jerome
- Venue
- Agronomy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-11-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 58
- ISSN
- 2073-4395 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2550928996
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 7.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Agronomy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agriculture and Agroindustry Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Bioenergy crop production and management
- Keywords
- industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa, hemp fiber, cannabidiol, THC, hemp breeding, hemp industry, North America
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