The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Expectations versus Reality of Designer Dog Ownership in the United States
Open accessAbstract
“Designer dogs”, which are the hybrid offspring that result from intentionally breeding dogs belonging to different breeds, are an extremely popular pet choice in the United States. Poodle mixes, often called “doodles”, are a very common type of designer dog. However, there are many misconceptions surrounding them, and the reality of owning one may not match the owner’s expectations. For instance, many people believe these dogs to be non-shedding and hypoallergenic, although this is not always the case. This study explored whether the reality of owning a doodle matches owner expectations. For comparison purposes, we also asked owners of non-doodle dogs about their expectations versus reality. Our survey-based study included 2191 owners of doodles and non-doodle dogs recruited via groups of dog owners on Facebook and Reddit. The data showed that, when selecting their dogs, doodle owners were more influenced than non-doodle owners by their dog’s appearance and by the perception that doodles are good with children and are generally healthy. Doodle owners reported being highly satisfied with their dogs; nevertheless, more than twice as many doodle owners than owners of the other groups of dogs reported that their dog’s maintenance requirements, such as their need for regular grooming, were more intensive than they had expected. This finding suggests that those interested in owning doodles would benefit from having more information about their dog’s grooming needs so they can decide whether they have the time and money required to meet their dog’s welfare needs.
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Breeding dogs solely for their physical appearance to increase profits is a form of animal abuse.
“Breeding dogs solely for their physical appearance in order to increase profits is itself a real form of animal abuse [17].”
From Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes breeding for visual appeal and high prices as controversial, and says profit-driven practices that disregard dogs’ health or behavior cause welfare problems. It does not say that breeding for appearance and profit is, by itself, animal abuse; the citing sentence makes a stronger categorical claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hladky-Krage, B., & Hoffman, C. L.
- Affiliations
- Canisius College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hladky-Krage, Bridget
- Hoffman, Christy L.
- ORCID
- Hoffman, Christy L.
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-11-23
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 3247
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9736103
- OpenAlex
- W4309729103
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- the Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals® (ASPCA®) Open-Access Publishing Fund
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Customer Service Quality and Loyalty
- Keywords
- dog ownership, owner expectations, owner satisfaction, hypoallergenicity, shedding, pet welfare
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