Cited by 283Skin Protection and AgingMicrobial Natural Products and BiosynthesisMicrobial Metabolism and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.

Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids and Their Derivatives as Natural Antioxidants

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Abstract

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are water-soluble molecules that absorb UV-A and UV-B radiation and disperse the energy as heat. MAAs show great diversity in their molecular structures, which exhibit a range of molecular weights spanning 188 to 1050 Daltons. MAAs are utilized in a wide variety of organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotic micro-organisms that inhabit aquatic, terrestrial, and marine environments. These features suggest that MAAs are stable and fundamental molecules that allow these organisms to live under UV irradiation. MAAs are thought to have been greatly important to ancient forms of life on Earth, functioning as a primary sunscreen to reduce short-wavelength light. Structurally different MAAs might have been developed in MAA-producing organisms during their environmental adaptation. Harmful irradiation directly damages biomolecules, including lipids, proteins and DNA, and induces oxidative stress through radical-propagating processes. Thus, MAAs are expected to play an additional role in the antioxidant system. This review focuses on MAAs with radical scavenging activities. To cover all the reported MAAs known thus far, we surveyed the CAS database and have summarized the structures and the chemical and physical properties of these MAAs, including their antioxidant activities.

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Crossref · 10.3390/antiox4030603

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Figures

Figure 1 Structural relationships of various mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Note that ammonia is not used for MAA biosynthesis due to its toxicity; however, it is useful to simplify the figure by explaining the structural relationships of various types of MAAs.
Figure 1 Structural relationships of various mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Note that ammonia is not used for MAA biosynthesis due to its toxicity; however, it is useful to simplify the figure by explaining the structural relationships of various types of MAAs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Chemical structure and spectroscopic properties of MAA precursors. Abbreviation is in parenthesis.
Figure 2 Chemical structure and spectroscopic properties of MAA precursors. Abbreviation is in parenthesis.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Chemical structure and spectroscopic properties of aminocyclohexenone-type MAAs. Abbreviations are shown in parenthesis.
Figure 3 Chemical structure and spectroscopic properties of aminocyclohexenone-type MAAs. Abbreviations are shown in parenthesis.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Chemical structure and spectroscopic properties of aminocyclohexene imine-type MAAs. Abbreviation is in parenthesis.
Figure 4 Chemical structure and spectroscopic properties of aminocyclohexene imine-type MAAs. Abbreviation is in parenthesis.CC BY · PubMed Central
Scheme 1 Plausible hypothesis for the biosynthetic pathway of Euhalothece-362.
Scheme 1 Plausible hypothesis for the biosynthetic pathway of Euhalothece-362.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Chemical structures and spectroscopic properties of derivatized MAAs. Abbreviations are in parenthesis.
Figure 5 Chemical structures and spectroscopic properties of derivatized MAAs. Abbreviations are in parenthesis.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Arpin, 1979, Mycosporines: Review and new data concerning their structure, Revue de Mycologie, 43, 247

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Metadata

Authors
Wada, N., Sakamoto, T., & Matsugo, S.
Affiliations
Kanazawa University (JP)
Corresponding author
Matsugo, Seiichi
Venue
Antioxidants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2015-09-07
Volume
4
Issue
3
Pages
603-646
ISSN
2076-3921 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1667784456
Cited by
283
References
126
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 6
FWCI
2.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Antioxidants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Metabolism and Applications
Keywords
mycosporine-like amino acids, natural antioxidants, free radical scavenging, UV protection, oxidative stress, UV-absorbing compounds

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