CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 66Concrete and Cement Materials ResearchMicrobial Applications in Construction MaterialsGeotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization

Bonding Strength Characteristics of FA-Based Geopolymer Paste as a Repair Material When Applied on OPC Substrate

Open access
Ahmad Zailani, Warid Wazien, Bouaissi, Aissa, Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Abd Razak, Rafiza, Yoriya, Sorachon, Mohd Salleh, Mohd Arif Anuar, Rozainy M. A. Z., Mohd Remy, Fansuri, Hamzah·2020·Applied Sciences
DOI 10.3390/app10093321
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

This investigative study aims to study the mechanical and morphological properties of fly ash (FA)-based geopolymer paste as a repair material when applied on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) overlay concrete. The first part of this study investigates the optimal mix design of FA-based geopolymer paste with various NaOH concentrations of 8, 10, 12, and 14 M, which were used later as a repair material. The second part studies the bonding strength using a slant shear test between the geopolymer repair material and OPC substrate concrete. The results showed that a shorter setting time corresponds to the higher NaOH molarity, within the range of 53 and 30 min at 8 and 14 M, respectively. The compressive strength of FA-based geopolymer paste was found to reach 92.5 MPa at 60 days. Also, from the slant shear test results, prism specimens with 125 mm length and 50 mm wide have a large bond strength of 11 MPa at 12 M. The scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis showed that the OPC substrate has a significant effect on slant shear bond strength, where the presence of free cations of Ca2+ on the OPC substrate surface contributed to the formation of calcium alumina-silicate hydrate gel (C-A-S-H) by building various cross-links of Ca-O-Si.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/app10093321

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The presence of tobermorite reveals the formation of reaction products, since the low crystalline C-S-H resembles the structure of this mineral.

    “The presence of tobermorite [Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O] reveals the formation of reaction products, since the low crystalline C-S-H resembles the structure of this mineral [38].”

    From Expansive Soil Stabilization Using Alkali-Activated Fly Ash (2023) · cites this paper as [38]

    The Phase Analysis section identifies beidellite and fayalite as newly formed phases, while section 3.5 discusses formation of C-A-S-H gel at the interface. Searches for tobermorite and low-crystallinity C-S-H found no passage stating that tobermorite was present or that C-S-H resembles its structure. The copy therefore does not address the claim’s specific point. (LLM, conf=0.75)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. Bouaissi, A.; Li, Y.L.; Abdullah, M.M.A.B.; Bui, Q.B. Mechanical properties and microstructure analysis of FA-GGBS-HMNS based geopolymer concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 210, 198-209. [CrossRef] · DOI
  2. Malhotra, V.M. Introduction: Sustainable development and concrete technology. Concr. Int. 2002, 24, 22.
  3. Davidovits, J. Geopolymers-Inorganic polymeric new materials. J. Therm. Anal. 1991, 37, 1633-1656. [CrossRef] · DOI
  4. Ranjbar, N.; Mehrali, M.; Alengaram, U.J.; Metselaar, H.S.C.; Jumaat, M.Z. Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of fly ash/palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar under elevated temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 65, 114-121. [CrossRef] · DOI
  5. Pacheco-Torgal, F.; Castro-Gomes, J.P.; Jalali, S. Adhesion characterization of tungsten mine waste geopolymeric binder. Influence of OPC concrete substrate surface treatment. Constr. Build. Mater. 2008, 22, 154-161. [CrossRef] · DOI
  6. Part, W.K.; Ramli, M.; Cheah, C.B. An Overview on the Influence of Various Factors on the Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Derived From Industrial Byproducts. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 77, 370-395. [CrossRef] · DOI
  7. Pacheco-Torgal, F.; Abdollahnejad, Z.; Miraldo, S.; Baklouti, S.; Ding, Y. An overview on the potential of geopolymers for concrete infrastructure rehabilitation. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 36, 1053-1058. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Komnitsas, K.; Zaharaki, D. Geopolymerisation: A review and prospects for the minerals industry. Miner. Eng. 2007, 20, 1261-1277. [CrossRef] · DOI
  9. Provis, J.L.; van Deventer, J.S.J. Geopolymerisation kinetics. 2. Reaction kinetic modelling. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2007, 62, 2318-2329. [CrossRef] · DOI
  10. Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Palomo, A.; Criado, M. Microstructure development of alkali-activated fly ash cement: A descriptive model. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005, 35, 1204-1209. [CrossRef] · DOI
  11. Phoo-ngernkham, T.; Maegawa, A.; Mishima, N.; Hatanaka, S.; Chindaprasirt, P. Effects of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions on compressive and shear bond strengths of FA-GBFS geopolymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 91, 1-8. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Alanazi, H.; Yang, M.; Zhang, D.; Gao, Z. Bond strength of PCC pavement repairs using metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2016, 65, 75-82. [CrossRef] · DOI
  13. Laskar, S.M.; Talukdar, S. Preparation and tests for workability, compressive and bond strength of ultra-fine slag based geopolymer as concrete repairing agent. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 154, 176-190. [CrossRef] · DOI
  14. Collins, F.; Sanjayan, J.G. Effects of ultra-fine materials on workability and strength of concrete containing alkali-activated slag as the binder. Cem. Concr. Res. 1999, 29, 459-462. [CrossRef] · DOI
  15. Mustafa Al Bakri, A.M.; Kamarudin, H.; Bnhussain, M.; Abd Razak, R.; Yahya, Z. Effect of Na2SiO3/NaOH ratios and NaOH molarities on compressive strength of fly-ash-based geopolymer. ACI Mater. J. 2012, 109, 503-508.
  16. Malkawi, A.B.; Fadhil, M.; Fauzi, A.; Almattarneh, H. Effects of Alkaline Solution on Properties of the HCFA Geopolymer Mortars. Procedia Eng. 2016, 148, 710-717. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  17. Abdullah, M.M.A.B.; Kamarudin, H.; Bnhussain, M.; Ismail, K.N.; Ibrahim, W.M. Mechanism and Chemical Reaction of Fly Ash Geopolymer Cement-A Review. Int. J. Pure Appl. Sci. Technol. 2001, 6, 35-44.
  18. Williamson, T.; Juenger, M.C.G. The role of activating solution concentration on alkali-silica reaction in alkali-activated fly ash concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2016, 83, 124-130. [CrossRef] · DOI
  19. Ismail, I.; Bernal, S.A.; Provis, J.L.; San Nicolas, R.; Brice, D.G.; Kilcullen, A.R.; Hamdan, S.; van Deventer, J.S. Influence of fly ash on the water and chloride permeability of alkali-activated slag mortars and concretes. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 48, 1187-1201. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Hu, S.; Wang, H.; Zhang, G.; Ding, Q. Bonding and abrasion resistance of geopolymeric repair material made with steel slag. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2008, 30, 239-244. [CrossRef] · DOI
  21. Phoo-ngernkham, T.; Sata, V.; Hanjitsuwan, S.; Ridtirud, C.; Hatanaka, S.; Chindaprasirt, P. High calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar containing Portland cement for use as repair material. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 98, 482-488. [CrossRef] · DOI
  22. Al Bakri Abdullah, M.M.; Kamarudin, H.; Nizar, I.K.; Bnhussain, M.; Yahya, Z.; Abd Razak, R. Correlation between Na2SiO3/NaOH Ratio and Fly Ash / Alkaline Activator Ratio to the Strength of Geopolymer. Adv. Mater. Res. 2012, 342, 189-193.
  23. Hamidi, R.M.; Man, Z.; Azizli, K.A. Concentration of NaOH and the Effect on the Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer. Procedia Eng. 2016, 148, 189-193. [CrossRef] · DOI
  24. Kaze, R.C.; à Moungam, L.M.B.; Cannio, M.; Rosa, R.; Kamseu, E.; Melo, U.C.; Leonelli, C. Microstructure and engineering properties of Fe 2 O 3 ( FeO ) -Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 based geopolymer composites. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 199, 849-859. [CrossRef] · DOI
  25. Sabitha, D.; Dattatreya, J.K.; Sakthivel, N.; Bhuvaneshwari, M.; Sathik, S.A.J. Reactivity, workability and strength of potassium versus sodium-activated high volume fly ash-based geopolymers. Curr. Sci. 2012, 103, 1320-1327.
  26. Najafi, E.; Allahverdi, A.; Provis, J.L. Efflorescence control in geopolymer binders based on natural pozzolan. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2012, 34, 25-33. [CrossRef] · DOI
  27. Fernandez-Jimenez, A.; García-Lodeiro, I.; Palomo, A. Durability of alkali-activated fly ash cementitious materials. J. Mater. Sci. 2007, 42, 3055-3065. [CrossRef · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ahmad Zailani, W. W., Bouaissi, A., Abdullah, M. M. A. B., Abd Razak, R., Yoriya, S., Mohd Salleh, M. A. A., Rozainy M. A. Z., M. R., & Fansuri, H.
Affiliations
  • Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), School of Materials Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
  • University of Plymouth (GB)
  • Universiti Malaysia Perlis (MY)
  • National Science and Technology Development Agency (TH)
  • School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ID)
Corresponding author
  • Bouaissi, Aissa
  • Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri
ORCID
Venue
Applied Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-05-10
Volume
10
Issue
9
Pages
3321
ISSN
2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/app10093321
OpenAlex
W3022986106
Cited by
66
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 2
FWCI
4.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
European Union (H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015-689857-PRIGeoC)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Concrete and Cement Materials Research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Microbial Applications in Construction Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization
Keywords
fly ash geopolymer, geopolymer paste, concrete repair materials, bond strength, slant shear test, NaOH molarity, setting time, compressive strength, calcium aluminate silicate hydrate, C-A-S-H gel, concrete mix design

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review