Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 63Smart Cities and TechnologiesWireless Sensor Networks and IoTImpact of Light on Environment and Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Design, Deployment and Evolution of Heterogeneous Smart Public Lighting Systems

Open access
Pasolini, Gianni, Toppan, Paolo, Zabini, Flavio, De Castro, Cristina, Andrisano, Oreste·2019·Applied Sciences
DOI 10.3390/app9163281
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Street lighting characterizes many smart city initiatives around the world. In fact, significant savings can be achieved by not only replacing traditional luminaires with low-power LEDs, but also providing streetlights with smart light controllers and network connectivity, allowing the introduction of a sensible light intensity management and reduction of maintenance costs. Moreover, if designed with a far-looking view, smart lighting infrastructure could also support city-wide Internet of Things services, becoming key enablers of the smart city revolution, also in the 5G perspective. In this paper, we provide a thorough discussion on network architectures and communication technologies that could be adopted for smart public lighting applications, showing their benefits and downsides. Starting with significant activity on research, implementation and in-field testing, we also outline the steps required for the deployment of a smart public lighting infrastructure, each discussed in accordance with the network topology considered. Finally, we introduce some additional services that a smart public lighting infrastructure could support and discuss the benefits that would arise from integration with the upcoming 5G cellular network.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/app9163281

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Architecture of a smart lighting infrastructure.
Figure 1 Architecture of a smart lighting infrastructure.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 PLC-based smart lighting architecture.
Figure 2 PLC-based smart lighting architecture.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 LoRaWAN/Sigfox-based smart lighting architecture.
Figure 3 LoRaWAN/Sigfox-based smart lighting architecture.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.4 mesh-based smart lighting architecture.
Figure 4 Bluetooth/IEEE802.15.4 mesh-based smart lighting architecture.CC-BY · From the PDF

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 82

  1. Andrisano, 2018, The Need of Multidisciplinary Approaches and Engineering Tools for the Development and Implementation of the Smart City Paradigm, Proc. IEEE, 106, 738, 10.1109/JPROC.2018.2812836 · DOI
  2. Yang, 2018, Privacy concerns in China’s smart city campaign: The deficit of China’s Cybersecurity Law, Asia Pac. Policy Stud., 5, 533, 10.1002/app5.246 · DOI
  3. Quicheron, 2015, LED Projects and Economic Test Cases in Europe, Int. J. Green Energy, 12, 843, 10.1080/15435075.2014.887568 · DOI
  4. Cacciatore, G., Fiandrino, C., Kliazovich, D., Granelli, F., and Bouvry, P. (2017, January 21–25). Cost analysis of smart lighting solutions for smart cities. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Paris, France. · DOI
  5. Avotins, A., Apse-Apsitis, P., Kunickis, M., and Ribickis, L. (2014, January 14). Towards smart street LED lighting systems and preliminary energy saving results. Proceedings of the 2014 55th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON), Riga, Latvia. · DOI
  6. Ge, 2016, 5G Ultra-Dense Cellular Networks, IEEE Wirel. Commun., 23, 72, 10.1109/MWC.2016.7422408 · DOI
  7. Caponetto, R., Dongola, G., Fortuna, L., Riscica, N., and Zufacchi, D. (2008, January 11–13). Power consumption reduction in a remote controlled street lighting system. Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Ischia, Italy. · DOI
  8. Chen, Y., and Liu, Z. (2009, January 25–26). Distributed Intelligent City Street Lamp Monitoring and Control System Based on Wireless Communication chip nRF401. Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing, Wuhan, China. · DOI
  9. Lin, J., Jin, X., and Mao, Q. (2009, January 24–26). Wireless Monitoring System of Street Lamps Based on ZigBee. Proceedings of the 2009 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, Beijing, China. · DOI
  10. Liu, D., Qi, S., Liu, T., Yu, S.Z., and Sun, F. (2009, January 25). The design and realization of communication technology for street lamps control system. Proceedings of the 2009 4th International Conference on Computer Science Education, Nanning, China.
  11. Mohamaddoust, 2011, A Novel Design of an Automatic Lighting Control System for a Wireless Sensor Network with Increased Sensor Lifetime and Reduced Sensor Numbers, Sensors, 11, 8933, 10.3390/s110908933 · DOI
  12. Mahoor, M., Najafaabadi, T.A., and Salmasi, F.R. (2014, January 20). A smart street lighting control system for optimization of energy consumption and lamp life. Proceedings of the 2014 22nd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), Tehran, Iran. · DOI
  13. Srivatsa, D.K., Preethi, B., Parinitha, R., Sumana, G., and Kumar, A. (2013, January 4–6). Smart Street Lights. Proceedings of the 2013 Texas Instruments India Educators’ Conference, Bangalore, India. · DOI
  14. Elejoste, 2013, An Easy to Deploy Street Light Control System Based on Wireless Communication and LED Technology, Sensors, 13, 6492, 10.3390/s130506492 · DOI
  15. Nefedov, E., Maksimainen, M., Sierla, S., Flikkema, P., Yang, C., Kosonen, I., and Luttinen, T. (2014, January 1–4). Energy efficient traffic-based street lighting automation. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE), Istanbul, Turkey. · DOI
  16. Lavric, A., Popa, V., and Sfichi, S. (2014, January 16–18). Street lighting control system based on large-scale WSN: A step towards a smart city. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, Romania. · DOI
  17. Sanseverino, E.R., Scaccianoce, G., Vaccaro, V., Zizzo, G., and Pennisi, S. (2015, January 10–13). Smart city and public lighting. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), Rome, Italy. · DOI
  18. Perko, Z., Topić, D., and Perko, J. (2017, January 18–20). Standardized system for monitoring and control of public lighting networks. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Smart Systems and Technologies (SST), Osijek, Croatia. · DOI
  19. Perko, J., Topić, D., and Šljivac, D. (2016, January 12–14). Exploitation of public lighting infrastructural possibilities. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Smart Systems and Technologies (SST), Osijek, Croatia. · DOI
  20. Viani, F., Polo, A., Robol, F., Giarola, E., and Ferro, A. (2016, January 12–15). Experimental validation of a wireless distributed system for smart public lighting management. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Trento, Italy. · DOI
  21. Ouerhani, N., Pazos, N., Aeberli, M., and Muller, M. (2016, January 11–13). IoT-based dynamic street light control for smart cities use cases. Proceedings of the 2016 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), Yasmine Hammamet, Tunisia. · DOI
  22. Sterbenz, J.P.G. (2017, January 4–6). Smart city and IoT resilience, survivability, and disruption tolerance: Challenges, modelling, and a survey of research opportunities. Proceedings of the 2017 9th International Workshop on Resilient Networks Design and Modeling (RNDM), Alghero, Italy. · DOI
  23. Hammi, 2018, IoT technologies for smart cities, IET Netw., 7, 1, 10.1049/iet-net.2017.0163 · DOI
  24. Zhu, H., Chang, A.S.F., Kalawsky, R.S., Tsang, K.F., Hancke, G.P., Bello, L.L., and Ling, W.K. (November, January 29). Review of state-of-the-art wireless technologies and applications in smart cities. Proceedings of the IECON 2017 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Beijing, China. · DOI
  25. Cimdins, M., Arlt, W., and Horst Hellbrueck (2019, January 15–16). IoTiSS: Internet of Things in Smart Streetlighting. Proceedings of the Mobile Communication - Technologies and Applications, 24. ITG-Symposium, Osnabruck, Germany.
  26. Chang, Y.S., Hsiung Chen, Y., and Zhou, S.K. (2018, January 24–26). A smart lighting system for greenhouses based on Narrowband-IoT communication. Proceedings of the 2018 13th International Microsystems, Packaging, Assembly and Circuits Technology Conference (IMPACT), Taipei, Taiwan. · DOI
  27. Sikder, A.K., Acar, A., Aksu, H., Uluagac, A.S., Akkaya, K., and Conti, M. (2018, January 8–10). IoT-enabled smart lighting systems for smart cities. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA. · DOI
  28. Purekar, R., Murali, M., and Joshi, R. (2018, January 16–18). A Cost Effective Approach Towards Development of a Smart Lighting System. Proceedings of the 2018 Fourth International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA), Pune, India. · DOI
  29. Galkin, I., and Tetervenoks, O. (2014, January 11–12). The study of microcontroller based embedded system for smart lighting applications. Proceedings of the 2014 6th European Embedded Design in Education and Research Conference (EDERC), Milan, Italy. · DOI
  30. Tetervenoks, O., and Galkin, I. (2014, January 14). Evaluation of stability of several LED drivers in smart lighting applications. Proceedings of the 2014 55th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON), Riga, Latvia. · DOI
  31. Kumar, A., Shareef, A., Harn, K.T., Kar, P., and Panda, S.K. (March, January 26). A Complete Hardware Setup for Smart Lighting System. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies and Systems (ICSETS), Bhubaneswar, India. · DOI
  32. Lee, C.K., Liu, H., Fuhs, D., Kores, A., and Waffenschmidt, E. (2019). Smart Lighting Systems as a Demand Response Solution for Future Smart Grids. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. · DOI
  33. Chun, S.Y., and Lee, C. (2013, January 23–28). Applications of Human Motion Tracking: Smart Lighting Control. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, Portland, OR, USA. · DOI · Paper page
  34. Halefoglu, L., Jiang, X., Kendrick, A.J., Saunders, G.D., Sciarrino, M., Vizner, G., and Bailey, R. (2016, January 29). Smart lighting: Developing a smarter control mechanism for park trail lighting. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS), Charlottesville, VA, USA. · DOI
  35. Gao, C., Yang, G., and Liu, C. (2014, January 6–8). The research and implementation of multi-sensor collaboration in a smart lighting control system based on smart city operating system i-stack. Proceedings of the 2014 11th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting (SSLCHINA), Guangzhou, China. · DOI
  36. Mora, 2019, Distributed Architectures for Intensive Urban Computing: A Case Study on Smart Lighting for Sustainable Cities, IEEE Access, 7, 58449, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2914613 · DOI
  37. Ramesh, R., Acharya, S., Rajaraman, V., Babu, A., Joglekar, A., Sharma, A., Amrutur, B., and Namekar, P. (2019, January 7–11). Interoperable middleware for smartcities Streetlighting on LoRaWAN as a case study. Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Communication Systems Networks (COMSNETS), Bengaluru, India. · DOI
  38. Shahzad, 2016, Energy-Efficient Intelligent Street Lighting System Using Traffic-Adaptive Control, IEEE Sens. J., 16, 5397, 10.1109/JSEN.2016.2557345 · DOI
  39. Soh, C.B., Tan, J.W.J., Tseng, K.J., lok Woo, W., and Teo, J.W.R. (2018, January 22–25). Intelligent Street Lighting for Smart Cities. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies—Asia (ISGT Asia), Singapore. · DOI
  40. Khatavkar, N., Naik, A.A., and Kadam, B. (2017, January 10–12). Energy efficient street light controller for smart cities. Proceedings of the 2017 International conference on Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICMDCS), Vellore, India. · DOI
  41. Mahoor, 2017, A Hierarchical Smart Street Lighting System with Brute-Force Energy Optimization, IEEE Sens. J., 17, 2871, 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2684240 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Carli, R., Dotoli, M., and Pellegrino, R. (2015, January 8–11). ICT and optimization for the energy management of smart cities: The street lighting decision panel. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 20th Conference on Emerging Technologies Factory Automation (ETFA), Luxembourg. · DOI
  43. Roy, B., Acharya, A., Roy, T.K., Kuila, S., and Datta, J. (2018, January 8–9). A smart street-light intensity optimizer. Proceedings of the 2018 Emerging Trends in Electronic Devices and Computational Techniques (EDCT), Kolkata, India. · DOI
  44. Kaleem, Z., Ahmad, I., and Lee, C. (2014, January 17–19). Smart and Energy Efficient LED Street Light Control System Using ZigBee Network. Proceedings of the 2014 12th International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. · DOI
  45. Wibisono, G., and Bayhaki, A. (2015, January 26–28). Design and implementation of smart wireless street lighting system with ad-hoc network configuration. Proceedings of the 2015 9th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa, Turkey. · DOI
  46. Daely, 2017, Design of Smart LED Streetlight System for Smart City with Web-Based Management System, IEEE Sens. J., 17, 6100, 10.1109/JSEN.2017.2734101 · DOI
  47. Castro, M., Jara, A.J., and Skarmeta, A.F.G. (2013, January 25–28). Smart Lighting Solutions for Smart Cities. Proceedings of the 2013 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, Barcelona, Spain. · DOI
  48. Hernandez-Jayo, U., Angulo, I., Elejoste, M.P., Perallos, A., Chertudi, A., and Moreno, A. (2013, January 6–8). Streetlight intelligent remote control system based on wireless communication. Proceedings of the 2013 10th International Conference on Remote Engineering and Virtual Instrumentation (REV), Sydney, Australia. · DOI
  49. Basiura, 2018, Energy Reduction in Roadway Lighting Achieved with Novel Design Approach and LEDs, LEUKOS, 14, 45, 10.1080/15502724.2017.1330155 · DOI
  50. Ernst, S., Łabuz, M., Środa, K., and Kotulski, L. (2018). Graph-Based Spatial Data Processing and Analysis for More Efficient Road Lighting Design. Sustainability, 10. · DOI
  51. Wojnicki, I., and Kotulski, L. (2018). Improving Control Efficiency of Dynamic Street Lighting by Utilizing the Dual Graph Grammar Concept. Energies, 11. · DOI
  52. Sotres, 2017, Practical Lessons From the Deployment and Management of a Smart City Internet-of-Things Infrastructure: The SmartSantander Testbed Case, IEEE Access, 5, 14309, 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2723659 · DOI
  53. Fujdiak, R., Mlynek, P., Misurec, J., and Slacik, J. (2017, January 22–25). Simulation of intelligent public light system in smart city. Proceedings of the 2017 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium—Spring (PIERS), St. Petersburg, Russia. · DOI
  54. Murthy, A., Han, D., Jiang, D., and Oliveira, T. (2015, January 14–16). Lighting-Enabled Smart City Applications and Ecosystems based on the IoT. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 2nd World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Milan, Italy. · DOI
  55. Shahidehpour, 2015, Streetlights Are Getting Smarter: Integrating an Intelligent Communications and Control System to the Current Infrastructure, IEEE Power Energy Mag., 13, 67, 10.1109/MPE.2015.2397335 · DOI
  56. Yusoff, Y.M., Rosli, R., Karnaluddin, M.U., and Samad, M. (2013, January 22–25). Towards smart street lighting system in Malaysia. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology Applications (ISWTA), Kuching, Malaysia. · DOI
  57. Elicegui, 2013, Integration of Utilities Infrastructures in a Future Internet Enabled Smart City Framework, Sensors, 13, 14438, 10.3390/s131114438 · DOI
  58. Bellido-Outeiriño, F.J., Quiles-Latorre, F.J., Moreno-Moreno, C.D., Flores-Arias, J.M., Moreno-García, I., and Ortiz-López, M. (2016). Streetlight Control System Based on Wireless Communication over DALI Protocol. Sensors, 16. · DOI
  59. Wojnicki, I., and Kotulski, L. (2018). Empirical Study of How Traffic Intensity Detector Parameters Influence Dynamic Street Lighting Energy Consumption: A Case Study in Krakow, Poland. Sustainability, 10. · DOI
  60. Hegedüs, J., Hantos, G., and Poppe, A. (2017, January 27–29). Lifetime isoflux control of LED based light sources. Proceedings of the 2017 23rd International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. · DOI
  61. Hegedüs, J., Horváth, P., Hantos, G., Szabó, T., Szalai, A., and Poppe, A. (2017, January 18–20). A New Dimming Control Scheme of LED Based Streetlighting Luminaires Using an Embedded LED Model Implemented on an IoT Platform to Achieve Constant Luminous Flux at Different Ambient Temperatures. Proceedings of the LUX EUROPA Conference 2017, Lubljana, Slovenia.
  62. Gago-Calderón, A., Hermoso-Orzáez, M.J., De Andres-Diaz, J.R., and Redrado-Salvatierra, G. (2018). Evaluation of Uniformity and Glare Improvement with Low Energy Efficiency Losses in Street Lighting LED Luminaires Using Laser-Sintered Polyamide-Based Diffuse Covers. Energies, 11. · DOI
  63. Doulos, 2017, Harvesting daylight with LED or T5 fluorescent lamps? The role of dimming, Energy Build., 140, 336, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.013 · DOI
  64. Grela, 2017, Energy saving in the street lighting control system—A new approach based on the EN-15232 standard, Energy Effic., 10, 563, 10.1007/s12053-016-9476-1 · DOI
  65. Marino, 2017, Adaptive Street Lighting Predictive Control, Energy Procedia, 111, 790, 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.241 · DOI
  66. Wojnicki, I., Komnata, K., and Kotulski, L. (2019). Comparative Study of Road Lighting Efficiency in the Context of CEN/TR 13201 2004 and 2014 Lighting Standards and Dynamic Control. Energies, 12. · DOI
  67. Adam, G.K., Kontaxis, P.A., Doulos, L.T., Madias, E.N.D., Bouroussis, C.A., and Topalis, F.V. (2019). Embedded Microcontroller with a CCD Camera as a Digital Lighting Control System. Electronics, 8. · DOI
  68. Doulos, 2019, Minimizing energy consumption for artificial lighting in a typical classroom of a Hellenic public school aiming for near Zero Energy Building using LED DC luminaires and daylight harvesting systems, Energy Build., 194, 201, 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.04.033 · DOI
  69. Perry, 2018, San Diego’s streetlights get smart, IEEE Spectr., 55, 30, 10.1109/MSPEC.2018.8241729 · DOI
  70. Galli, 2011, For the Grid and Through the Grid: The Role of Power Line Communications in the Smart Grid, Proc. IEEE, 99, 998, 10.1109/JPROC.2011.2109670 · DOI
  71. Ikpehai, A., Adebisi, B., and Kharel, R. (2016, January 23–25). Smart street lighting over narrowband PLC in a smart city: The Triangulum case study. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 21st International Workshop on Computer Aided Modelling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD), Toronto, ON, Canada. · DOI
  72. Chen-Ching, L., Stephen, M., and Lee, S.J. (2016). Smart Grid Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  73. Sendin, 2014, Strategies for Power Line Communications Smart Metering Network Deployment, Energies, 7, 2377, 10.3390/en7042377 · DOI
  74. Adelantado, 2017, Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN, IEEE Commun. Mag., 55, 34, 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600613 · DOI
  75. Augustin, 2016, A Study of LoRa: Long Range & Low Power Networks for the Internet of Things, Sensors, 16, 1466, 10.3390/s16091466 · DOI
  76. Pasolini, G., Buratti, C., Feltrin, L., Zabini, F., Verdone, R., Andrisano, O., and De Castro, C. (2018, January 2–4). Smart City Pilot Project Using LoRa. Proceedings of the 2018 24th European Wireless Conference, Catania, Italy.
  77. Pasolini, G., Buratti, C., Feltrin, L., Zabini, F., De Castro, C., Verdone, R., and Andrisano, O. (2018). Smart City Pilot Projects Using LoRa and IEEE802.15.4 Technologies. Sensors, 18. · DOI
  78. Centenaro, 2016, Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios, IEEE Wirel. Commun., 23, 60, 10.1109/MWC.2016.7721743 · DOI
  79. Mekki, 2019, A comparative study of LPWAN technologies for large-scale IoT deployment, ICT Express, 5, 1, 10.1016/j.icte.2017.12.005 · DOI
  80. IEEE 802.15.4 Standard (2006). Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE.
  81. Baert, M., Rossey, J., Shahid, A., and Hoebeke, J. (2018). The Bluetooth Mesh Standard: An Overview and Experimental Evaluation. Sensors, 18. · DOI
  82. Zanella, 2014, Internet of Things for Smart Cities, IEEE Internet Things J., 1, 22, 10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328 · DOI

Cited by

See all 63

Metadata

Authors
Pasolini, G., Toppan, P., Zabini, F., De Castro, C., & Andrisano, O.
Affiliations
  • University of Bologna (IT)
  • Wi4B s.r.l., Via degli Orefici, 2, 40124 Bologna, Italy
  • IEIIT-CNR, National Research Council, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
Corresponding author
Pasolini, Gianni
ORCID
Venue
Applied Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-08-10
Volume
9
Issue
16
Pages
3281
ISSN
2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/app9163281
OpenAlex
W2968196901
Cited by
63
References
1
Citations by year
2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3
FWCI
5.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Smart Cities and Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
Keywords
smart street lighting, public lighting systems, smart cities, Internet of Things, network architecture, communication technology, network topology, LED luminaires, 5G integration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.