The DOI matches its Crossref record; 134 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflammation and Cell Death of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System during Sepsis
Open accessAbstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the host has an uncontrolled or abnormal immune response to overwhelming infection. It is now widely accepted that sepsis occurs in two concurrent phases, which consist of an initial immune activation phase followed by a chronic immunosuppressive phase, leading to immune cell death. Depending on the severity of the disease and the pathogen involved, the hosts immune system may not fully recover, leading to ongoing complications proceeding the initial infection. As such, sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, with treatment options limited to general treatment in intensive care units (ICU). Lack of specific treatments available for sepsis is mostly due to our limited knowledge of the immuno-physiology associated with the disease. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and cell types involved in eliciting infection-induced immune activation from both the innate and adaptive immune system during sepsis. In addition, the mechanisms leading to immune cell death following hyperactivation of immune cells will be explored. The evaluation and better understanding of the cellular and systemic responses leading to disease onset could eventuate into the development of much needed therapies to combat this unrelenting disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bone, R. C., Balk, R. A., Cerra, F. B., Dellinger, R. P., Fein, A. M., Knaus, W. A., Schein, R. M. H., & Sibbald, W. J. (1992) · Chest · doi:10.1378/chest.101.6.1644 · Cited by 13,198
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria
Brinkmann, V., Reichard, U., Goosmann, C., Fauler, B., Uhlemann, Y., Weiss, D. S., Weinrauch, Y., & Zychlinsky, A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1092385 · Cited by 10,268
Rudd, K. E., Johnson, S. C., Agesa, K. M., Shackelford, K. A., Tsoi, D., Kievlan, D. R., Colombara, D. V., Ikuta, K. S., Kissoon, N., Finfer, S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32989-7 · Cited by 7,971
Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A., & Coffman, R. L. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.136.7.2348 · Cited by 7,506
Horan, T. C., Andrus, M., & Dudeck, M. A. (2008) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.002 · Cited by 6,626
Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses
Iwasaki, A., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1112 · Cited by 4,193
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016.
Rhodes, A., Evans, L. E., Alhazzani, W., Levy, M. M., Antonelli, M., Ferrer, R., Kumar, A., Sevransky, J. E., Sprung, C. L., Nunnally, M. E., et al. (2017) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002255 · Cited by 3,652
Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease
Kany, S., Vollrath, J. T., & Relja, B. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20236008 · Cited by 1,971
Neutrophil: A Cell with Many Roles in Inflammation or Several Cell Types?
Rosales, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00113 · Cited by 1,334
Sepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management
Gotts, J. E., & Matthay, M. A. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i1585 · Cited by 1,243
Cited by
Transforming sepsis management: AI-driven innovations in early detection and tailored therapies
Papareddy, P., Lobo, T. J., Holub, M., Bouma, H., Maca, J., Strodthoff, N., & Herwald, H. (2025) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-025-05588-0 · Cited by 49
Metadata
- Authors
- Nedeva, C.
- Venue
- Biomolecules
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-07-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1011
- ISSN
- 2218-273X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3180328126
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 134
- FWCI
- 18.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Inflammation and Cell Death of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System during Sepsis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/biom11071011
- The paper
- Nedeva, C. (2021). Inflammation and Cell Death of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System during Sepsis. Biomolecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11071011
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
