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Cited by 144Chronic Kidney Disease and DiabetesRenal Diseases and GlomerulopathiesAcute Kidney Injury Research

Diabetes and Renal Complications: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Interventions

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Jha, Rajesh, Lopez-Trevino, Sara, Kankanamalage, Haritha R., Jha, Jay C.·2024·Biomedicines
DOI 10.3390/biomedicines12051098PMC PMC11118045
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Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major microvascular complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. DKD is characterised by injury to both glomerular and tubular compartments, leading to kidney dysfunction over time. It is one of the most common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Persistent high blood glucose levels can damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste and fluids from the blood effectively. Other factors like high blood pressure (hypertension), genetics, and lifestyle habits can also contribute to the development and progression of DKD. The key features of renal complications of diabetes include morphological and functional alterations to renal glomeruli and tubules leading to mesangial expansion, glomerulosclerosis, homogenous thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), albuminuria, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and progressive decline in renal function. In advanced stages, DKD may require treatments such as dialysis or kidney transplant to sustain life. Therefore, early detection and proactive management of diabetes and its complications are crucial in preventing DKD and preserving kidney function.

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  • These complications serve as hallmarks of systemic microvascular pathology, indicating an increased likelihood of renal impairment.

    “These complications serve as hallmarks of systemic microvascular pathology, indicating an increased likelihood of renal impairment (85).”

    From Machine learning-based risk predictive models for diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [85]

    The Abstract describes diabetic kidney disease as a microvascular complication that leads to kidney dysfunction, supporting the general link between microvascular damage and renal impairment. It does not say that the unspecified “these complications” are hallmarks of systemic microvascular pathology or that their presence indicates an increased likelihood of renal impairment; searches for retinopathy and neuropathy did not establish that link. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Diabetic retinopathy and peripheral vascular disease are closely associated with an increased risk of DKD.

    “Furthermore, complications, such as diabetic retinopathy and peripheral vascular disease are also closely associated with an increased risk of DKD.”

    From Machine learning-based risk predictive models for diabetic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [85]

    The Abstract and Section 2 discuss DKD and its renal mechanisms but do not link diabetic retinopathy or peripheral vascular disease to increased DKD risk. Searches of our copy for “retinopathy” and “peripheral vascular disease” found no passage addressing either association; the indexed passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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References 195 · Cited by 144

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Authors
Jha, R., Lopez-Trevino, S., Kankanamalage, H. R., & Jha, J. C.
Affiliations
  • Kansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Wichita, KS 67202, USA
  • Monash University (AU)
Corresponding author
Jha, Jay C.
ORCID
Venue
Biomedicines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-05-15
Volume
12
Issue
5
Pages
1098
ISSN
2227-9059 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/biomedicines12051098
PMC
PMC11118045
OpenAlex
W4396918818
Cited by
144
References
195
Citations by year
2026: 73 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 8
FWCI
9.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biomedicines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Acute Kidney Injury Research
Keywords
diabetic nephropathy, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, microvascular complications, chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, glomerular injury, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, hypertension, biomarkers, pathophysiology, therapeutic interventions, early detection

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