The DOI matches its Crossref record; 164 of the 164 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiple Sclerosis: Immunopathology and Treatment Update
Open accessAbstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has changed over the last 20 years. All immunotherapeutic drugs target relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and it still remains a medical challenge in MS to develop a treatment for progressive forms. The most common injectable disease-modifying therapies in RRMS include β-interferons 1a or 1b and glatiramer acetate. However, one of the major challenges of injectable disease-modifying therapies has been poor treatment adherence with approximately 50% of patients discontinuing the therapy within the first year. Herein, we go back to the basics to understand the immunopathophysiology of MS to gain insights in the development of new improved drug treatments. We present current disease-modifying therapies (interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, fingolimod, mitoxantrone), humanized monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab, ofatumumab, ocrelizumab, alemtuzumab, daclizumab) and emerging immune modulating approaches (stem cells, DNA vaccines, nanoparticles, altered peptide ligands) for the treatment of MS.
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Cites
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BackgroundNew Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypic Classification
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A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
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Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1
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Oral Fingolimod or Intramuscular Interferon for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
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Immunology of multiple sclerosis
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Cited by
Machado-Santos, J., Saji, E., Tröscher, A. R., Paunovic, M., Liblau, R., Gabriely, G., Bien, C. G., Bauer, J., & Lassmann, H. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy151 · Cited by 548
Song, Y., Li, J., & Wu, Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01952-8 · Cited by 259
Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders
Slominski, R. M., Tuckey, R. C., Manna, P. R., Jetten, A. M., Postlethwaite, A., Raman, C., & Slominski, A. T. (2020) · Genes & Immunity · doi:10.1038/s41435-020-0096-6 · Cited by 155
Microglia suppress the secondary progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Tanabe, S., Saitoh, S., Miyajima, H., Itokazu, T., & Yamashita, T. (2019) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23640 · Cited by 52
miR-155 Dysregulation and Therapeutic Intervention in Multiple Sclerosis
McCoy, C. E. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_5 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Dargahi, N., Katsara, M., Tselios, T., Androutsou, M.-E., De Courten, M., Matsoukas, J., & Apostolopoulos, V.
- Venue
- Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-07-07
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 78
- ISSN
- 2076-3425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2732823864
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 164
- FWCI
- 20.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Multiple Sclerosis: Immunopathology and Treatment Update. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/brainsci7070078
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- Dargahi, N., Katsara, M., Tselios, T., Androutsou, M.-E., De Courten, M., Matsoukas, J., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Multiple Sclerosis: Immunopathology and Treatment Update. Brain Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7070078
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
