B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that B lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and they may be a therapeutic target. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody, selectively targets and depletes CD20+ B lymphocytes. METHODS: In a phase 2, double-blind, 48-week trial involving 104 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, we assigned 69 patients to receive 1000 mg of intravenous rituximab and 35 patients to receive placebo on days 1 and 15. The primary end point was the total count of gadolinium-enhancing lesions detected on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain at weeks 12, 16, 20, and 24. Clinical outcomes included safety, the proportion of patients who had relapses, and the annualized rate of relapse. RESULTS: As compared with patients who received placebo, patients who received rituximab had reduced counts of total gadolinium-enhancing lesions at weeks 12, 16, 20, and 24 (P<0.001) and of total new gadolinium-enhancing lesions over the same period (P<0.001); these results were sustained for 48 weeks (P<0.001). As compared with patients in the placebo group, the proportion of patients in the rituximab group with relapses was significantly reduced at week 24 (14.5% vs. 34.3%, P=0.02) and week 48 (20.3% vs. 40.0%, P=0.04). More patients in the rituximab group than in the placebo group had adverse events within 24 hours after the first infusion, most of which were mild-to-moderate events; after the second infusion, the numbers of events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: A single course of rituximab reduced inflammatory brain lesions and clinical relapses for 48 weeks. This trial was not designed to assess long-term safety or to detect uncommon adverse events. The data provide evidence of B-cell involvement in the pathophysiology of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00097188 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The strong efficacy of anti-CD20 therapies especially in relapsing disease implies that pathogenic B cell functions extend beyond antibody secretion and underline the importance of B cells for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis.
“However, the strong efficacy of anti-CD20 therapies especially in relapsing disease implies that pathogenic B cell functions extend beyond antibody secretion and underline the importance of B cells for MS pathogenesis [54, 55].”
From Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis (2026) · cites this paper as [55]
13 of 17 patients unresponsive to corticosteroids, plasma exchange, or intravenous immunoglobulin responded to cyclophosphamide, rituximab, or both.
“Furthermore, 13 of 17 patients unresponsive to the above therapies, responded to cyclophosphamide (five), rituximab (six), or both (two; data not shown), drugs that are effective in other immune-mediated disorders of the CNS.29,30”
From Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies (2008) · cites this paper as [29]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)
Kurtzke, J. F. (1983) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.33.11.1444 · Cited by 15,011 · see citing works
McDonald, W. I., Compston, A., Edan, G., Goodkin, D., Hartung, H., Lublin, F. D., McFarland, H. F., Paty, D. W., Polman, C. H., Reingold, S. C., et al. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1032 · Cited by 6,969 · see citing works
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis.
Polman, C., O'Connor, P., Havrdová, E., Hutchinson, M., Kappos, L., Miller, D. H., Phillips, J., Lublin, F., Giovannoni, G., Wajgt, A., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa044397 · Cited by 3,293 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytoxicity against tumor targets
Clynes, R. A., Towers, T. L., Presta, L. G., & Ravetch, J. V. (2000) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/74704 · Cited by 2,768 · see citing works
Intramuscular interferon beta‐1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Jacobs, L. D., Cookfair, D. L., Rudick, R. A., Herndon, R. M., Richert, J. R., Salazar, A. Μ., Fischer, J. S., Goodkin, D. E., Granger, C. V., Simon, J. H., et al. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410390304 · Cited by 2,446 · see citing works
Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20
Reff, M., Carner, K., Chambers, K., Chinn, P., Leonard, J., Raab, R., Newman, R., Hanna, N., & Anderson, D. (1994) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v83.2.435.435 · Cited by 1,996 · see citing works
Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
Johnson, K., Brooks, B., Cohen, J. A., Ford, C., Goldstein, J., Lisak, R., Myers, L., Panitch, H., Rose, J., Schiffer, R., et al. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.7.1268 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Self-citationCohen, S. B., Emery, P., Greenwald, M., Dougados, M., Furie, R. A., Genovese, M. C., Keystone, E. C., LOVELESS, J. E., Burmester, G. R., Cravets, M. W., et al. (2006) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.22025 · Cited by 1,638 · see citing works
Magliozzi, R., Howell, O., Vora, A., Serafini, B., Nicholas, R., Puopolo, M., Reynolds, R., & Aloisi, F. (2007) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awm038 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
WEINSHENKER, B. G., BASS, B., RICE, G. P. A., NOSEWORTHY, J., CARRIERE, W., BASKERVILLE, J., & EBERS, G. C. (1989) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/112.1.133 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
The natural history of multiple sclerosis:a geographically based study
Cottrell, D. A., Kremenchutzky, M., Rice, G. P., Koopman, W. J., Hader, W. J., Baskerville, J., & Ebers, G. C. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.4.625 · Cited by 1,163 · see citing works
Identification of autoantibodies associated with myelin damage in multiple sclerosis
Genain, C. P., Cannella, B., Hauser, S. L., & Raine, C. S. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/5532 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neurobiology of multiple sclerosis: genes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration.
Hauser, S., & Oksenberg, J. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.011 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Self-citationDuddy, M., Niino, M., Adatia, F., Hebert, S., Freedman, M., Atkins, H., Kim, H., & Bar-Or, A. (2007) · Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6092 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Self-citationWinkler, U., Jensen, M., Manzke, O., Schulz, H., Diehl, V., & Engert, A. (1999) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v94.7.2217.419k02_2217_2224 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Rituximab in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis: A 72‐week, open‐label, phase I trial
Bar‐Or, A., Calabresi, P. A., Arnold, D. L., Markowitz, C., Shafer, S. J., Kasper, L. H., Waubant, E. L., Gazda, S. K., Fox, R. J., Panzara, M. A., et al. (2008) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21363 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Self-citationWolinsky, J. S., Narayana, P. A., O'Connor, P. W., Coyle, P. K., Ford, C. C., Johnson, K. P., Miller, A., Pardo, L., Kadosh, S. E., Ladkani, D., et al. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21079 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Link, H., & Huang, Y.-M. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.07.006 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Corcione, A., Casazza, S., Ferretti, E., Giunti, D., Zappia, E., Pistorio, A., Gambini, C., Mancardi, G., Uccelli, A., & Pistoia, V. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402455101 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Lipid microarrays identify key mediators of autoimmune brain inflammation
Kanter, J. L., Narayana, S., Ho, P. P.-K., Catz, I., Warren, K. G., Sobel, R. A., Steinman, L., & Robinson, W. H. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1344 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Meinl, E., Krumbholz, M., & Hohlfeld, R. (2006) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20890 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
B Cell Repertoire Diversity and Clonal Expansion in Multiple Sclerosis Brain Lesions
Baranzini, S. E., Jeong, M. C., Butunoi, C., Murray, R. S., Bernard, C. C. A., & Oksenberg, J. R. (1999) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.5133 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
New natural history of interferon‐β–treated relapsing multiple sclerosis
Trojano, M., Pellegrini, F., Fuiani, A., Paolicelli, D., Zipoli, V., Zimatore, G., Monte, E. D., Portaccio, E., Lepore, V., Livrea, P., et al. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21102 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Anderson, D. R., Grillo-López, A. J., Varns, C., et al. (1997) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0250705 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Colombo, M., Dono, M., Gazzola, P., Roncella, S., Valetto, A., Chiorazzi, N., Mancardi, G., & Ferrarini, M. (2000) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.5.2782 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Restricted use of VH4 Germline segments in an acute multiple sclerosis brain
Owens, G. P., Kannus, H., Burgoon, M. P., et al. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410430214 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Antibodies from Inflamed Central Nervous System Tissue Recognize Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
O’Connor, K. C., Appel, H., Bregoli, L., Call, M. E., Catz, I., Chan, J. A.-W., Moore, N., Warren, K. G., Wong, S. J., Hafler, D. A., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1974 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
白川, 佳., Agarwal, S., Yin, M., Ren, S., Li, N. F., Shaw, T. M., & Davies, B. E. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270007305297 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationO’Connor, K. C., Chitnis, T., Griffin, D. E., Piyasirisilp, S., Bar‐Or, A., Khoury, S. J., Wucherpfennig, K. W., & Hafler, D. A. (2003) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00002-x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith‐Jensen, T., Burgoon, M. P., Anthony, J., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.6.1227 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The B cell response in multiple sclerosis
Owens, G. P., Bennett, J. L., Gilden, D. H., & Burgoon, M. P. (2006) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/016164106x98099 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Clonal expansion of IgA-positive plasma cells and axon-reactive antibodies in MS lesions
Zhang, Y., Da, R.-R., Hilgenberg, L. G. W., et al. (2005) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.05.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
B-cells in multiple sclerosis.
Duddy, M., & Bar‐Or, A. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationDigre, K. B. (2002) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/00041327-200206000-00041 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Isoelectric focusing and crossed immunoelectrofocusing of CSF immunoglobulins in MS
Sid�n, �. (1979) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00313168 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Combined diffusion weighting and CSF suppression in functional MRI
Knutsson, L., Bolling, M., Wirestam, R., et al. (2002) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.767 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sell, S., & Max, E. E. (2001) · doi:10.1128/9781555818012.ch4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. The neuro- biology of multiple sclerosis: genes, in- flammation, and neurodegeneration. Neu- ron 2006;52:61-76.
- placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2007; 61:14-24.
- The New England Journal of Medicine Downloaded from nejm.org on August 29, 2023. For personal use only. No other uses without permission. Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. n engl j med 358;7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies
Dalmau, J., Gleichman, A. J., Hughes, E. G., Rossi, J. E., Peng, X., Lai, M., Dessain, S. K., Rosenfeld, M. R., Balice-Gordon, R., & Lynch, D. R. (2008) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70224-2 · Cited by 3,488 · see citing works
Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis
Dendrou, C. A., Fugger, L., & Friese, M. A. (2015) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3871 · Cited by 2,215 · see citing works
T follicular helper cell differentiation, function, and roles in disease
Crotty, S. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.004 · Cited by 1,847 · see citing works
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS)
Constantinescu, C. S., Farooqi, N., O'Brien, K., & Gran, B. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility
International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Patsopoulos, N. A., Baranzini, S. E., Santaniello, A., Shoostari, P., Cotsapas, C., Wong, G., Beecham, A. H., James, T., Replogle, J., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav7188 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
“The enrichment is observed not only in immune cells that have long been studied in MS, such as T cells, but also in B cells, whose role has emerged more recently (25).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function
Pescovitz, M. D., Greenbaum, C. J., Krause-Steinrauf, H., Becker, D. J., Gitelman, S. E., Goland, R., Gottlieb, P. A., Marks, J. B., McGee, P. F., Moran, A. M., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0904452 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review
Hauser, S. L., & Cree, B. A. C. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.049 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Self-citationCree, B. A. C., Bennett, J. L., Kim, H. J., Weinshenker, B. G., Pittock, S. J., Wingerchuk, D. M., Fujihara, K., Paul, F., Cutter, G. R., Marignier, R., et al. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31817-3 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Neuronal vulnerability and multilineage diversity in multiple sclerosis
Schirmer, L., Velmeshev, D., Holmqvist, S., Kaufmann, M., Werneburg, S., Jung, D., Vistnes, S., Stockley, J. H., Young, A., Steindel, M., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1404-z · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis: risk factors, prodromes, and potential causal pathways
Ramagopalan, S. V., Dobson, R., Meier, U. C., & Giovannoni, G. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70094-6 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Nylander, A., & Hafler, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci58649 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of meningeal B cells reveals a lymphopoietic niche at the CNS borders
Brioschi, S., Wang, W.-L., Peng, V., Wang, M., Shchukina, I., Greenberg, Z. J., Bando, J. K., Jaeger, N., Czepielewski, R. S., Swain, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf9277 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Bingham, C. O., Looney, R. J., Deodhar, A., Halsey, N., Greenwald, M., Codding, C., Trzaskoma, B., Martin, F., Agarwal, S., & Kelman, A. (2010) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.25034 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Self-citationA Chemoproteomic Approach to Query the Degradable Kinome Using a Multi-kinase Degrader
Huang, H.-T., Dobrovolsky, D., Paulk, J., Yang, G., Weisberg, E. L., Doctor, Z. M., Buckley, D. L., Cho, J.-H., Ko, E., Jang, J., et al. (2018) · Cell Chemical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.10.005 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Recirculating Intestinal IgA-Producing Cells Regulate Neuroinflammation via IL-10
Rojas, O. L., Pröbstel, A.-K., Porfilio, E. A., Wang, A. A., Charabati, M., Sun, T., Lee, D. S. W., Galicia, G., Ramaglia, V., Ward, L. A., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.11.035 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Sankowski, R., Mader, S., & Valdés-Ferrer, S. I. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00028 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The genetics of multiple sclerosis: SNPs to pathways to pathogenesis
Oksenberg, J. R., Baranzini, S. E., Sawcer, S., & Hauser, S. L. (2008) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2395 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationGadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis
Absinta, M., Vuolo, L., Rao, A., Nair, G., Sati, P., Cortese, I. C. M., Ohayon, J., Fenton, K., Reyes-Mantilla, M. I., Maric, D., et al. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001587 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Targeting B cells and plasma cells in autoimmune diseases
Hofmann, K., Clauder, A.-K., & Manz, R. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00835 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
T cell responses in the central nervous system
Korn, T., & Kallies, A. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.144 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
The many roads to mitochondrial dysfunction in neuroimmune and neuropsychiatric disorders
Morris, G., & Berk, M. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0310-y · Cited by 245 · see citing works
B cell depletion therapy does not resolve chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions
Maggi, P., Bulcke, C. V., Pedrini, E., Bugli, C., Sellimi, A., Wynen, M., Stölting, A., Mullins, W. A., Kalaitzidis, G., Lolli, V., et al. (2023) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104701 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Ectopic lymphoid follicles in progressive multiple sclerosis: From patients to animal models
Zhan, J., Kipp, M., Han, W., & Kaddatz, H. (2021) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.13395 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Modulation of TCR Signaling by Tyrosine Phosphatases: From Autoimmunity to Immunotherapy
Castro-Sanchez, P., Teagle, A. R., Prade, S., & Zamoyska, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.608747 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Immune-mediated processes in neurodegeneration: where do we stand?
Fakhoury, M. (2016) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8052-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Selective emergence of antibody-secreting cells in the multiple sclerosis brain
Bogers, L., Engelenburg, H. J., Janssen, M., Unger, P.-P. A., Melief, M.-J., Wierenga-Wolf, A. F., Hsiao, C.-C., Mason, M. R. J., Hamann, J., van Langelaar, J., et al. (2023) · eBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104465 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The efficacy and safety of daclizumab and its potential role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Milo, R. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders · doi:10.1177/1756285613504021 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis
Lünemann, J. D., & Münz, C. (2007) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-007-0038-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Khare, P., Challa, D. K., Devanaboyina, S. C., Velmurugan, R., Hughes, S., Greenberg, B. M., Ober, R. J., & Ward, E. S. (2018) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sheikhi, K., Ghaderi, S., Firouzi, H., Rahimibarghani, S., Shabani, E., Afkhami, H., & Yarahmadi, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1517369 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Potential role of regulatory B cells in immunological diseases
Valizadeh, A., Sanaei, R., Rezaei, N., Azizi, G., Fekrvand, S., Aghamohammadi, A., & Yazdani, R. (2019) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2019.08.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Insights and challenges on animal models for progressive multiple sclerosis
Nalepa, I. F., Haahr, N. O., Bekiaris, V., Jakobsen, M. R., Asuni, A. A., & Benmamar-Badel, A. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03805-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hauser, S. L., Waubant, E., Arnold, D. L., Vollmer, T., Antel, J., Fox, R. J., Bar-Or, A., Panzara, M., Sarkar, N., Agarwal, S., Langer-Gould, A., & Smith, C. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- NeuroRx Research (Canada) (CA)
- Barrow Neurological Institute (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Biogen (United States) (US)
- Genentech (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2008-02-14
- Volume
- 358
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 676-688
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2141111992
- Cited by
- 2,439
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 142 · 2018: 122 · 2017: 136 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 135 · 2013: 152 · 2012: 140
- FWCI
- 124.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Biogen
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Eisai
- Genentech
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Polyomavirus and related diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Keywords
- rituximab, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, B-cell depletion, CD20+ B cells, gadolinium-enhancing lesions, neuroinflammation, clinical relapse, annualized relapse rate, monoclonal antibody therapy, multiple sclerosis pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Rituximab, Adolescent, Adult, Antibodies, Monoclonal, B-Lymphocytes, Brain, Double-Blind Method, Female, Gadolinium, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Immunologic Factors, Infusions, Intravenous, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Remission Induction, Antigens, CD20, Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
