Cited by 15Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ResearchCell Adhesion Molecules ResearchImmune Cell Function and Interaction

Integrin Signaling Shaping BTK-Inhibitor Resistance

Open access
Polcik, Laura, Dannewitz Prosseda, Svenja, Pozzo, Federico, Zucchetto, Antonella, Gattei, Valter, Hartmann, Tanja Nicole·2022·Cells

Abstract

Integrins are adhesion molecules that function as anchors in retaining tumor cells in supportive tissues and facilitating metastasis. Beta1 integrins are known to contribute to cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance in cancer. Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), a CD49d/CD29 heterodimer, is a beta1 integrin implicated in therapy resistance in both solid tumors and haematological malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A complex inside-out signaling mechanism activates VLA-4, which might include several therapeutic targets for CLL. Treatment regimens for this disease have recently shifted towards novel agents targeting BCR signaling. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a component of B cell receptor signaling and BTK inhibitors such as ibrutinib are highly successful; however, their limitations include indefinite drug administration, the development of therapy resistance, and toxicities. VLA-4 might be activated independently of BTK, resulting in an ongoing interaction of CD49d-expressing leukemic cells with their surrounding tissue, which may reduce the success of therapy with BTK inhibitors and increases the need for alternative therapies. In this context, we discuss the inside-out signaling cascade culminating in VLA-4 activation, consider the advantages and disadvantages of BTK inhibitors in CLL and elucidate the mechanisms behind cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cells11142235

Cites

154 of 154 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Mechanisms of resistance are tumor intrinsic due to mutations in signaling components or activation of bypass pathways, or extrinsic due to cytokine signaling or cell-cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment.

    “We distinguish between mechanisms of resistance that aretumor intrinsic due tomutations in signaling componentsor activation of bypass pathways, or extrinsic due to cytokine signaling or cell-cell interactionswithin the tumor microenvironment (TME)(15).”

    From Resistance Mechanisms and Approach to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia after BTK Inhibitor Therapy (2025) · cites this paper as [15]

    Section 4 (page unavailable) identifies BTK and PLCγ2 mutations, microenvironmental interactions, and bypass signaling as possible causes of BTK-inhibitor resistance in CLL. It also describes a supportive cytokine environment and direct cell-cell contact in lymphoid organs. The paper does not classify bypass pathways as tumor-intrinsic, and its discussion is centered on CLL rather than resistance across tumors generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Polcik, L., Dannewitz Prosseda, S., Pozzo, F., Zucchetto, A., Gattei, V., & Hartmann, T. N.
Affiliations
  • University of Freiburg (DE)
  • Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
  • Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (IT)
Corresponding author
Hartmann, Tanja Nicole
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-07-18
Volume
11
Issue
14
Pages
2235
ISSN
2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4285800545
Cited by
15
References
154
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2019: 1
FWCI
0.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Deutsche Krebshilfe (DKH) (70113992, 437764364, 419090910, PE-2016-02362756, RF-2018-12365790, IG-21687)
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (70113992, 437764364, 419090910, PE-2016-02362756, RF-2018-12365790, IG-21687)
  • Italian Ministry of Health (70113992, 437764364, 419090910, PE-2016-02362756, RF-2018-12365790, IG-21687)
  • Associazione Italiana Ricerca Cancro (AIRC) (70113992, 437764364, 419090910, PE-2016-02362756, RF-2018-12365790, IG-21687)
  • Fondazione Italiana Linfomi (70113992, 437764364, 419090910, PE-2016-02362756, RF-2018-12365790, IG-21687)
  • AstraZeneca (70113992, 437764364, 419090910, PE-2016-02362756, RF-2018-12365790, IG-21687)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Cell Adhesion Molecules Research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
Keywords
integrin signaling, VLA-4, beta1 integrin, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, BTK inhibitors, ibrutinib, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, inside-out signaling, cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance, treatment resistance, B cell receptor signaling, metastasis
MeSH terms
Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase, Humans, Pyrazoles, Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell, Integrin alpha4beta1, Protein Kinase Inhibitors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review