Cited by 365Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsInflammasome and immune disordersNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 411 of the 414 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response

Open access

Rodríguez-Gómez, José A., Kavanagh, Edel, Engskog-Vlachos, Pinelopi, Engskog, Mikael K.R., Herrera, Antonio J., Espinosa-Oliva, Ana M., Joseph, Bertrand, Hajji, Nabil, Venero, José L., Burguillos, Miguel A.·2020·Cells

DOI 10.3390/cells9071717PMC PMC7407646

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cells9071717

Cites

411 of 411 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors
Takahashi, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024 · Cited by 26,673
Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors
Takahashi, K., Tanabe, K., Ohnuki, M., Narita, M., Ichisaka, T., Tomoda, K., & Yamanaka, S. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019 · Cited by 20,221
Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
Akira, S., Uematsu, S., & Takeuchi, O. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015 · Cited by 11,976
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359
Gene Dose of Apolipoprotein E Type 4 Allele and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in Late Onset Families
Corder, E. H., Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. J., Schmechel, D. E., Gaskell, P. C., Small, G. W., Roses, A. D., Haines, J. L., & Pericak-Vance, M. A. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8346443 · Cited by 9,429
Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Is Released by Microglial Cells and Confers Neuroprotection against 6-OHDA Neurotoxicity
Polazzi, E., Mengoni, I., Caprini, M., Peña‐Altamira, E., Kurtys, E., & Monti, B. (2012) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000337115 · Cited by 9,023
Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation
Takeuchi, O., & Akira, S. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022 · Cited by 8,895
NF-κB signaling in inflammation
Liu, T., Zhang, L., Joo, D., & Sun, S.-C. (2017) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23 · Cited by 8,791
Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos
Evans, M. J., & Kaufman, M. H. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/292154a0 · Cited by 8,623
Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins.
Mosmann, T. R., Cherwinski, H. M., Bond, M. W., Giedlin, M. A., & Coffman, R. L. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.136.7.2348 · Cited by 7,553

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 414 references

3 of the 414 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 7

1913, Contribución al Conocimiento de la Neuroglía del Cerebro Humano, Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. Univ. Madrid, XI, 215
1920, Estudios sobre la neuroglía. La microglía y su transformación en células en bastoncito y cuerpos gránulo-adiposos, Trab. Lab. Invest. Biol. Univ. Madrid, 18, 37
1919, El “tercer elemento” de los centros nerviosos. I. La microglía en estado normal, Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 67
1919, El Tercer Elemento de los Centros Nerviosos. II. Intervención de la Microglía en los Procesos Patológicos (Células en Bastoncito y Cuerpos Gránuloadiposos), Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 91
1919, El “tercer elemento” de los centros nerviosos. III. Naturaleza probable de la microglía, Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 108
1919, El “tercer elemento de los centros nerviosos”. IV. Poder fagocitario y movilidad de la microglía, Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol., VIII, 154
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2018). Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation—Proceedings of a Workshop, The National Academies Press.

Sorted by citations

Items 301–365 of 365

Multidimensional Roles of Microglial Cells in Neuroviral Infections
Rastogi, M., Pandey, N., Shukla, A., Singh, S., & Singh, S. K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8313-8_19 · Cited by 1
Analysis of the causes and approaches to the regulation of the cytotoxic state of microglia in the aging brain
Terekhina, O. L., & Кирова, Ю. И. (2023) · Zhurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» · doi:10.25557/0031-2991.2023.01.94-109 · Cited by 1
Human iPSC-derived neural stem cells display a radial glia-like signature in vitro and favorable long-term safety in transplanted micePreprint
Luciani, M., Garsia, C., Beretta, S., Petiti, L., Peano, C., Ivan Merelli, A., Cifola, I., Miccio, A., Meneghini, V., & Gritti, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.08.04.551937 · Cited by 1
The effects of long-term sucrose consumption on olfactory neurogenesis and neuroinflammation
Keys, C. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.244721 · Cited by 1
Effects of phthalates, environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals, on the neurovascular unit in adult male mouse
Ahmadpour, D. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/cf02a85cz66d4z4c79za98czb8e4497ad04c · Cited by 1
Therapeutic Basis of Human Diseases Based on Metabolome-related Knowledge
(2021) · Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry · doi:10.33263/briac121.405419
Transcriptional Waves Induced by ATP and LPS in Primary Microglial Culture Reveal Multiple Inflammatory StatesPreprint
Linial, M., Zohar, K., Lezmi, E., Reichert, F., Eliyahu, T., Rotshenker, S., & Weinstock, M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1359348/v1
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a Mediator of Microglia-Induced Neuroinflammation
Charlton, T. (2022) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2022-15264
Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Molecular Consequences of Peripheral Influenza A Infection on Cell Populations in the Murine Hypothalamus
René, L., Christine, E., Berendtsen Nicolai, T., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87515.1.sa0
Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Molecular Consequences of Peripheral Influenza A Infection on Cell Populations in the Murine Hypothalamus
Lemcke, R., Egebjerg, C., Berendtsen, N. T., et al. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87515.1.sa1
eLife Assessment: Molecular Consequences of Peripheral Influenza A Infection on Cell Populations in the Murine Hypothalamus
Comas‐García, M. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87515.1.sa2
Molecular Consequences of Peripheral Influenza A Infection on Cell Populations in the Murine HypothalamusPreprint
Lemcke, R., Egebjerg, C., Berendtsen, N. T., Egerod, K. L., Thomsen, A. R., Pers, T. H., Christensen, J. P., & Kornum, B. R. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87515.1 · Cited by 1
Molecular Consequences of Peripheral Influenza A Infection on Cell Populations in the Murine HypothalamusPreprint
Lemcke, R., Egebjerg, C., Berendtsen, N. T., Egerod, K. L., Thomsen, A. R., Pers, T. H., Christensen, J. P., & Kornum, B. R. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87515.2
Role of microglia in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and links to immunomodulatory therapy
Valiukevičius, P., Liutkevičienė, R., & Balnytė, R. (2023) · Neurologijos seminarai · doi:10.29014/ns.2022.26.14
Identification of Interferon-Related Genes and Their Regulatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer's DiseasePreprint
Xie, Z., Li, L., Hou, W., Fan, Z., Zeng, L., Ji, Y., Zhang, J., Ye, Y., Wang, Y., & Xing, Z. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4658840
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Post-Stroke Depression: Discussion and Thought
胡, 顺. (2024) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2024.141309
Role of inflammation, angiogenesis and oxidative stress in developing epilepsy
Wal, P., Vig, H., Alnasser, S. M., Khan, M. M. U., Mishra, A. K., & Behl, T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13587-3.00014-x
Additional file 3 of miR-203, fine-tunning neuroinflammation by juggling different components of NF‐κB signaling
Li, S., Li, L., Li, J., Liang, X., Song, C., & Zou, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19588785
Analysis of transporter activity in an Alzheimer’s disease blood-brain barrier cell model
Chaves, J. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.248279
Research progress of mesenchymal stem cell exosomes in multiple organ inflammatory diseases
Zhou, B., Ba, T., Wang, L., & Li, Y. (2024) · Discussion of Clinical Cases · doi:10.5430/dcc.v10n3p12
Research progress on the mechanisms, assessment methods, and intervention strategies for glioma-related cognitive impairment
Iqbal, R., & Ashraf, Z. (2024) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology · doi:10.32948/ajo.2024.09.09
The role of microglia in neurocognitive deficits induced by general anaesthetic agents during neurodevelopment
Liang, X., Fang, F., Wang, X., Jiang, M., & Cang, J. (2024) · Clinical and Translational Discovery · doi:10.1002/ctd2.70012
The effects of developmental sub-chronic low-level lead exposure on microglia and a test of possible mitigation by apigenin in C57BL/6J young mice
Flores‐Montoya, M. G., Tian, Z., Michii, A., Chan, S. Y., & Sanchez, N. (2024) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107406
Photoreceptor cell death mechanism in light damagePreprint
Bruera, M. G., & Contin, M. A. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.12.20.629734
Microglial Signaling in Health and Disease
Oppenheimer, M. R., Singh, S., Antoine, D., Truitt, B., & Roy, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68237-7_8
Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Akbarzadehmoallemkoalei, M., Yektakasmaei, M. P., Tabar, S. S. S., Zolfaghari, K., Noorikoloori, S., Niktalab, P., Rouzrokh, S., Sheykhzadeh, Z., Sanavi, M. A., Dozdouzan, M. A., et al. (2024) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72079-6_14
Orchestrating the neuroglial compartment: Ontogeny and developmental interaction of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia
Schuurmans, I. M. E., Mordelt, A., & de Witte, L. D. (2025) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19104-6.00011-5
Bio‐Nano Innovations Targeting the Neurovascular Complex for Epilepsy Treatment
Wang, X., Cheng, Y., Qi, Z., Zhao, J., & Wang, C. (2025) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202404857 · Cited by 1
Clock gene NR1D1 mediated inflammatory response after Streptococcus agalactiae challenge in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) brain
Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Zhu, W., Zhang, M., Huang, S., Cao, J., Wang, M., Yi, M., Gao, F., Lu, M., et al. (2025) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102999
Unique recognition, phagocytosis, and intracellular survival of Cryptococcus neoformans in a human immortalized microglia cell linePreprint
Ross, R. L., Arias-Parbul, K., Douglass, Z. M., Adams, K. L., & Santiago-Tirado, F. H. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.17.665466
Exosomal miR-146a-3p modulates neural stem cell fate through UCHL1 downregulation in spinal cord injury: implications for neuroregeneration
Gao, Y., Shi, Z., Zhang, S., Wu, Z., Zhou, T., Zhou, P., Chu, W., & Wang, X. (2025) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2025131
An inducible oligodendrocyte dysfunction triggered a pathological cascade of massive microglial activation and neurodegeneration
Ise, M., Bizen, N., Simankova, A., Okuyama, K., Shibata, S., Tada, M., & Takebayashi, H. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.107142
Mettl3/Nrf2 Axis Suppresses Parkinson's Disease Progression via Inhibiting NLRP3-Induced Pyroptosis in Serotonin Neurons
Wang, H., Li, P., & Liu, C. (2025) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/69124
Phytosterols from Rosaceae Species as Dual Modulators of Neuroinflammation and Induced Pluripotency
Alshabrmi, F. M. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-025-02441-5
Alzheimer’s Biochemistry and Therapeutic Prospects of Functional Foods-based Strategies
Akanbi, C. A., Akanji, M. A., & Adeyemı, O. S. (2025) · The Open Biochemistry Journal · doi:10.2174/011874091x416492251129102634
Pharmacologically increasing O-GlcNAcylation increases complexity of astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of TgF344-AD rats
Garcia, M. L., Denton, A. R., Jackson, N. L., Scofield, M. D., & McMahon, L. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1690410
Additional file 4 of miR-203, fine-tunning neuroinflammation by juggling different components of NF‐κB signaling
Li, S., Li, L., Li, J., Liang, X., Song, C., & Zou, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19588791
Additional file 1 of miR-203, fine-tunning neuroinflammation by juggling different components of NF‐κB signaling
Li, S., Li, L., Li, J., Liang, X., Song, C., & Zou, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19588773
Additional file 2 of miR-203, fine-tunning neuroinflammation by juggling different components of NF‐κB signaling
Li, S., Li, L., Li, J., Liang, X., Song, C., & Zou, Y. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19588779
Additional file 1 of Ex vivo expanded human regulatory T cells modify neuroinflammation in a preclinical model of Alzheimer’s disease
Faridar, A., Vasquez, M., Thome, A. D., Yin, Z., Xuan, H., Wang, J. H., Wen, S., Li, X., Thonhoff, J. R., Zhao, W., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21256713
Harnessing neuroinflammation for neuroregeneration
Amalakanti, S., Avula, V. C. R., & Jillella, J. P. (2025) · Karnataka Medical Journal · doi:10.25259/kmj_3_2024
Reducing glucocorticoid burden in lupus with omega-3 fatty acids: docosahexaenoic acid augments prednisone efficacy in maintaining cyclophosphamide-induced remission of preclinical lupus nephritis
Anderson, A. N., McDonald, O. F., Johnson, S.-R. S., Liddle, J. J., Estrada, V., Jackson, J., Lewandowski, R. P., Wagner, J. G., Harkema, J. R., & Pestka, J. J. (2026) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.1080/08916934.2026.2730230
A Cross Talk Between Natural Biomolecules and Neuroglia
Iman, T., Akram, R., Tehreem, A., Asghar, A., Mustafa, M., & Iqbal, J. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4139-2.ch001
Use of a human immortalized microglia cell line to study recognition, phagocytosis, and intracellular survival of Cryptococcus neoformans
Ross, R. L., Arias-Parbul, K., Douglass, Z. M., Adams, K. L., & Santiago-Tirado, F. H. (2026) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00838-25
Electroacupuncture Inhibits the Early Neuroinflammatory Cascade Triggered by TLR2 in the Prodromal Period of PD
Xu, K., Li, Y., Hu, B.-C., Zhang, Y., Bai, Y., & Wang, S. (2026) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s585729
Decoding the RNA Shield: HNRNPC and YTHDF2 Act as Guardians of Neurons in Parkinson’s Disease
Shreya, & Aran, K. R. (2026) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-026-00790-6
Développement d’un test sanguin pour le dépistage de la maladie d’Alzheimer
Torres, F. D. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/afbb97a5z1636z46abz844czb340616aeda1
Mechanistic insights and challenges in mitochondrial regulation of macrophage polarization and inflammatory responses
Liu, X., & Liu, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1768672
Myeloid compartment reprogramming through nanoparticle-delivered resiquimod blocks paracrine growth support and activates phagocytosis to slow tumor progression in endogenous mouse medulloblastoma and diffuse midline glioma modelsPreprint
McSwain, L., Kim, K., Hwang, D., Lim, C., Winham, C. L., Jacques, J., Jonus, H. C., Rosen, E. P., Pradhan, A., Kasturi, S. P., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.07.714454
Leukocyte–endothelial interactions and brain capillary function in neurological diseases
Lim, H., Shih, A. Y., & Gust, J. (2026) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x261441983 · Cited by 1
Inosine Ameliorates the Injurious Microenvironment for Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells by Suppressing Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation In Vitro
Han, Y., Chen, J., Wang, P., Sun, J., Niu, J., & Ma, Q. (2026) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-026-04771-1
Polyglutamine-Expanded Ataxin-3 Accelerates CFTR Degradation Through K63-Linked Ubiquitination to Exacerbate Microglial Inflammation
Wang, Z., Fan, X., Bai, B., Song, M., Shi, Y., Zhao, Y., Xie, P., Shi, T., He, C., Hu, Y., et al. (2026) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1080/17590914.2026.2662867
β-Amyloid (Aβ) and Human Cathelicidin LL-37: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
Asti, A. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27125460
“Behavioral and Neuroinflammatory Evaluation of a Novel Isoxazole-5-One Derivative in Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease via TNF-α, COX-2, IL-6, and NF-κB Modulation”
Gohar, N., Abbas, M., Masaud, S. M., Zulfiqar, I., Jabeen, H., Malik, N. S., & Nadeem, H. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.6c01108
Targeting neuroimmune interactions: the therapeutic potential of kaempferol in immune-related central nervous system disorders
Zou, Y., Huang, J., Yin, J., Liu, L., Zhou, H., Song, B., Wang, Y., Wang, M., Wang, L., Kong, X., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1837418
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 regulates microglial polarization via the Csf3-JAK2/STAT3 axis in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and lysolecithin-induced demyelination
Yang, S., Zhou, X., Zhang, J. N., Na.PAN, Liu, M., & Song, H. (2026) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2026.112056
Biophysical Characterization and Proteomic Analysis of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Different Neural Cell Lines
Salim, M. W., Zhang, W., Collins‐Praino, L. E., Care, A., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Advanced NanoBiomed Research · doi:10.1002/anbr.202500304
Neuroinflammatory and molecular pathways in Alzheimer’s disease: mechanistic crosstalk and emerging therapeutic opportunities
Thakur, A., Sharma, R. R., Kumari, S., Prakash, D., & Devi, A. S. (2026) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-026-02371-7
Ferroptosis–neuroinflammation interplay: mechanistic pathways and therapeutic opportunities in central nervous system disorders
Dinislam, K., Kataev, V. A., Ajmal, M. R., Amer, A. S., Prasad, P., & Zuberi, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1874307
The Role of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Microglial Phenotypic Polarization
Partridge, K. J., & Ebert, A. D. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15181654
Raspberry Ketone Attenuates LPS‐Induced Glial Inflammation and Lipid Droplet Accumulation
Qi, X., Bansal, V. A., Liu, L., Pung, C., Lau, L., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Luo, T., Huang, X., & Ye, H. (2026) · Food Frontiers · doi:10.1002/fft2.70355
Age-related metabolic vulnerability of glia in intracerebral hemorrhage: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Wei, C., Wu, Y., Gan, Y., Wu, Y., Guo, N., Zhang, S., Li, Z., & Fan, X. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103382
Antimicrobial peptides and their role in teleost host defense and infection control
Méndez, L. R., Rodríguez‐Ramos, T., Carpio, Y., Estrada, M. P., & Dixon, B. (2026) · Fish physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.fp.2026.08.004
Exosomes derived from IL4-treated microglia alleviate retinal ganglion cell loss and alleviate retinal damage in diabetic retinal neuropathy
Wang, X., Ding, Y., Deng, J., Ge, P., Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Pan, T., Xu, C., Yuanyuan, F. A. N., Lei, J., et al. (2026) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2026.117094
Glucosamine-Producing Engineered Probiotics Enhance the Immune Function of Microglia
Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Dai, Y., Fan, L., Teng, X., & Li, J. (2026) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.6c00385

Authors: Rodríguez-Gómez, J. A., Kavanagh, E., Engskog-Vlachos, P., Engskog, M. K. R., Herrera, A. J., Espinosa-Oliva, A. M., Joseph, B., Hajji, N., Venero, J. L., & Burguillos, M. A.
Affiliations: Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
Universidad de Sevilla (ES)
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
Uppsala University (SE)
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (ES)
Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Imperial College London (GB)
ORCID: Engskog, Mikael K.R.
Herrera, Antonio J.
Joseph, Bertrand
Hajji, Nabil
Venero, José L.
Venue: Cells
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-07-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 7
Pages: 1717
ISSN: 2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/cells9071717
PMC: PMC7407646
OpenAlex: W3043443440
Cited by: 365
References: 414
Citations by year: 2026: 40 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 9
FWCI: 4.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Deposito de Investigacion Universidad de Sevilla (University of Seville) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades /FEDER/UE (RTI2018-098645-B-100)
FEDER I+D+i-USE (US-1265062)
Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Programa Ramón y Cajal: RYC-2017-21804)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: microglia, neuroinflammation, reactive microglia, homeostatic microglia, pattern recognition receptors, TLR4, TREM2, epigenetics, DNA methylation, microRNA, immunometabolism, exosomes, neurodegenerative diseases, iPSC-derived microglia
MeSH terms: Animals, Central Nervous System, Humans, Inflammation, Models, Biological, Microglia, Caspases, Epigenesis, Genetic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks