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Resin Infiltration of Non-Cavitated Enamel Lesions in Paediatric Dentistry: A Narrative Review

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Dziaruddin, Nabihah, Zakaria, Ahmad Shuhud Irfani·2022·Children
DOI 10.3390/children9121893PMC PMC9776437
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Abstract

The resin infiltration (RI) technique was introduced as one of the minimal intervention dentistry strategies in addressing dental caries among the paediatric population. This technique used the low-viscosity resin monomer to infiltrate the non-cavitated carious lesion and other developmental enamel porosities, thus allowing the conservation of the tooth structure. This narrative review aims to explore the value of RI in Paediatric Dentistry. Through our search of the literature, the development of the material, their clinical applications and shortcomings, as well as the innovation that has been carried out to improve the current RI, were discussed. There are number of high-level evidence supporting the use of RI in arresting non-cavitated proximal caries lesions in primary and permanent teeth, but its efficacy in managing anterior white spot lesions is still unclear. Limited penetration depth, not radiopaque and questionable long-term colour and material stability were among the limitation of the material. Various laboratory-based studies have been conducted to improve the current properties of RI. Nevertheless, RI has emerged as one of the important micro-invasive techniques in addressing non-cavitated and anterior white-spot enamel lesions in children and adolescents with great success.

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  • Resin infiltration is highly effective in stabilizing 80-90% of non-cavitated proximal lesions over a two-year period, particularly among individuals at high risk for caries.

    “Studies have shown that it is highly effective in stabilizing 80-90% of non-cavitated proximal lesions over a two-year period, particularly among individuals who are at high risk for caries [57].”

    From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

    Section 3.1 reports that resin infiltration reduces progression of non-cavitated proximal lesions and cites a two-year study, but gives a 21% advantage over fluoride varnish—not an 80–90% lesion-stabilization rate. The copy does not establish that the effect is particularly strong among people at high risk for caries. Section 2.1’s figure of up to 90% refers to pores occluded by an experimental resin, not lesions stabilized. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Fluoride varnish promotes remineralization but requires ongoing fluoride exposure, while resin infiltration effectively obstructs lesion progression, thereby arresting further demineralization.

    “In comparison, fluoride varnish promotes remineralization but requires ongoing fluoride exposure, while resin infiltration effectively obstructs lesion progression, thereby arresting further demineralization [57].”

    From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

    Section 3.1 explains that fluoride varnish is used to manage early enamel lesions through remineralisation, and that resin infiltration blocks acid diffusion, arresting progression and inhibiting future demineralisation. It says remineralisation takes time and depends on patient compliance and good oral hygiene, but does not say it requires ongoing fluoride exposure. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Resin infiltration is superior to fluoride varnish in arresting the progression of lesions, particularly in early-stage carious lesions where demineralization is confined to the enamel.

    “A systematic review found that resin infiltration is superior to fluoride varnish in arresting the progression of lesions, particularly in the case of early-stage carious lesions where demineralization is confined to the enamel [57].”

    From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

    Section 3.1 reports that resin infiltration reduces progression of early enamel lesions more effectively than fluoride varnish. However, the cited paper is a narrative review reporting findings from systematic and umbrella reviews, not itself a systematic review. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Patient compliance and oral hygiene habits affect the success of resin infiltration; diets high in sugar and inadequate oral care increase the risk of lesion recurrence even after initial treatment.

    “Additional factors that can affect its success include patient compliance and oral hygiene habits, as diets high in sugar and inadequate oral care increase the risk of lesion recurrence, even after initial treatment [57].”

    From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

    Section 3.5 (page unavailable) says brushing efficiency may affect staining after infiltration and that plaque accumulation can lead to enamel demineralisation and potential secondary caries. Section 3.2 (page unavailable) links difficulty maintaining oral hygiene to enamel mineral loss. The review does not establish the specific claim that high-sugar diets or poor patient compliance increase lesion recurrence after resin infiltration. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Resin infiltration demonstrates optimal effectiveness for non-cavitated enamel lesions; its efficacy decreases when cavitation progresses into the dentin, requiring different restorative strategies for more advanced lesions.

    “Furthermore, this technique demonstrates optimal effectiveness for non-cavitated enamel lesions; however, its efficacy decreases when cavitation progresses into the dentin, thereby requiring different restorative strategies for more advanced lesions [57].”

    From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Dziaruddin, N., & Zakaria, A. S. I.
Affiliations
  • University of Malaya (MY)
  • National University of Malaysia (MY)
Corresponding author
Zakaria, Ahmad Shuhud Irfani
ORCID
Venue
Children
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-12-02
Volume
9
Issue
12
Pages
1893
ISSN
2227-9067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/children9121893
PMC
PMC9776437
OpenAlex
W4311108615
Cited by
35
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7
FWCI
1.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Children (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental materials and restorations
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
Keywords
resin infiltration, non-cavitated caries lesions, enamel porosity, white spot lesions, primary teeth, permanent teeth, minimal intervention dentistry, caries arrest, penetration depth, material stability, pediatric dentistry

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