Cited by 57Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability AnalysisClimate Change and Sustainable DevelopmentSustainability and Climate Change Governance

Exploring Adaptation Strategies to Mitigate Climate Threats to Transportation Infrastructure in Nigeria: Lagos City, as a Case Study

Open access
Beitelmal, Wesam H., Nwokolo, Samuel Chukwujindu, Meyer, Edson L., Ahia, Chinedu Christian·2024·Climate

Abstract

This study aims to explore innovative adaptation strategies that can effectively mitigate the climate threats faced by transportation infrastructure in Lagos, Nigeria. The study highlights the urgent need for innovative approaches to address the challenges posed by climate change to transportation systems. By analyzing the current vulnerabilities and potential impacts of climate change on transportation infrastructure, the authors identify and propose four current challenges facing transportation infrastructure as a result of climate change. These threats include the impact of rising sea levels on coastal roads and bridges, the vulnerability of inland transportation systems to extreme weather events such as floods and heavy rainfall, the potential disruption of transportation networks as storms become more frequent and intense, and the implications of temperature changes on road surfaces and their structural integrity. The study also identified and proposed ten potential adaptation measures that can enhance the resilience of transportation systems in Lagos, Nigeria. The adaptive measures ranged from increasing the resilience of road networks through the implementation of proper drainage systems and slope stabilization measures to forming partnerships with private sector companies to promote sustainable practices and the development of green transportation initiatives. To facilitate these adaptive measures, the authors used them to develop various policy frameworks for transportation resilience in Lagos, Nigeria. These policy frameworks aimed to provide guidelines and regulations for the implementation of adaptive measures, ensuring their effective integration into the transportation system. The authors emphasized the importance of stakeholder engagement and public participation in decision-making processes to foster a sense of ownership and collective responsibility towards building resilient transportation systems. By adapting to these measures, Lagos, Nigeria, can enhance its ability to withstand and recover from transportation disruptions caused by various hazards, such as extreme weather events, infrastructure failures, or security threats.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cli12080117

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Out-migration may shrink the tax base of origin regions via workforce loss and economic decline, which further undermines local administrative capacity.

    “In addition, migration can reduce the fiscal base of sending regions through labor loss and economic contraction, further weakening local administrative capacity (Beitelmal et al., 2024).”

    From Climate Security, Water Governance, and Resilience How Climate-Induced Water Stress and Migration Challenge State Capacity (2026) · cites this paper as Beitelmal et al., 2024

    The Introduction discusses economic losses from disrupted transportation infrastructure, not losses caused by people leaving a region. Searches for migration, tax base, workforce loss, and administrative capacity found no passage linking out-migration to a sending region’s finances or administrative capacity. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 67

  1. Mastroianni, E.; Lancaster, J.; Korkmann, B.; Opdyke, A.; Beitelmal, W. Mitigating Infrastructure Disaster Losses through Asset Management Practices in the Middle East and North Africa Region. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2021, 53, 102011. [CrossRef] · DOI
  2. Beitelmal, W.H.; Molenaar, K.R.; Javernick-Will, A.; Smadi, O. Strategies to Enhance Implementation of Infrastructure Asset Management in Developing Countries. Transp. Res. Rec. 2017, 2646, 39-48. [CrossRef] · DOI
  3. Roberts, M.; Melecky, M.; Bougna, T.; Xu, Y.S.; Melecky, M. Transport Corridors and Their Wider Economic Benefits: A Critical Review of the Literature. J. Infrastruct. Dev. 2018, 15, 50-72. [CrossRef] · DOI
  4. Santamaria-Ariza, M.; Sousa, H.S.; Matos, J.C.; Faber, M.H. An Exploratory Bibliometric Analysis of Risk, Resilience, and Sustainability Management of Transport Infrastructure Systems. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 2023, 97, 104063. [CrossRef] · DOI
  5. Koks, E.E.; Rozenberg, J.; Zorn, C.; Tariverdi, M.; Vousdoukas, M.; Fraser, S.A.; Hall, J.W.; Hallegatte, S. A Global Multi-Hazard Risk Analysis of Road and Railway Infrastructure Assets. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 2677. [CrossRef] · DOI
  6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate. In Climate Change 2021-The Physical Science Basis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2023.
  7. Mitoulis, S.A.; Bompa, D.V.; Argyroudis, S. Sustainability and Climate Resilience Metrics and Trade-Offs in Transport Infrastruc- ture Asset Recovery. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2023, 121, 103800. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Mitoulis, S.A.; Argyroudis, S.A.; Loli, M.; Imam, B. Restoration Models for Quantifying Flood Resilience of Bridges. Eng. Struct. 2021, 238, 112180. [CrossRef] · DOI
  9. Marchese, D.; Reynolds, E.; Bates, M.E.; Morgan, H.; Clark, S.S.; Linkov, I. Resilience and Sustainability: Similarities and Differences in Environmental Management Applications. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 613, 1275-1283. [CrossRef] · DOI
  10. Sharif, S.A.; Hammad, A. Simulation-Based Multi-Objective Optimization of Institutional Building Renovation Considering Energy Consumption, Life-Cycle Cost and Life-Cycle Assessment. J. Build. Eng. 2019, 21, 429-445. [CrossRef] · DOI
  11. Shani, P.; Chau, S.; Swei, O. All Roads Lead to Sustainability: Opportunities to Reduce the Life-Cycle Cost and Global Warming Impact of U.S. Roadways. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 173, 105701. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Lehman, M. The American Society of Civil Engineers' Report Card on America's Infrastructure. In Women in Infrastructure; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2022.
  13. Wardhana, K.; Hadipriono, F.C. Analysis of Recent Bridge Failures in the United States. J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 2003, 17, 144-150. [CrossRef] · DOI
  14. Loli, M.; Mitoulis, S.A.; Tsatsis, A.; Manousakis, J.; Kourkoulis, R.; Zekkos, D. Flood Characterization Based on Forensic Analysis of Bridge Collapse Using UAV Reconnaissance and CFD Simulations. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 822, 153661. [CrossRef] · DOI
  15. Khanna, N.; Wadhwa, J.; Pitroda, A.; Shah, P.; Schoop, J.; Sarıkaya, M. Life Cycle Assessment of Environmentally Friendly Initiatives for Sustainable Machining: A Short Review of Current Knowledge and a Case Study. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2022, 32, e00413. [CrossRef] · DOI
  16. Mitoulis, S.A.; Argyroudis, S.; Panteli, M.; Fuggini, C.; Valkaniotis, S.; Hynes, W.; Linkov, I. Conflict-Resilience Framework for Critical Infrastructure Peacebuilding. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2023, 91, 104405. [CrossRef] · DOI
  17. Achilleos, C.; Hadjimitsis, D.; Neocleous, K.; Pilakoutas, K.; Neophytou, P.O.; Kallis, S. Proportioning of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Mixes for Pavement Construction and Their Impact on Environment and Cost. Sustainability 2011, 3, 965. [CrossRef] · DOI
  18. McKenna, G.; Argyroudis, S.A.; Winter, M.G.; Mitoulis, S.A. Multiple Hazard Fragility Analysis for Granular Highway Embank- ments: Moisture Ingress and Scour. Transp. Geotech. 2021, 26, 100431. [CrossRef] · DOI
  19. Sabău, M.; Bompa, D.V.; Silva, L.F.O. Comparative Carbon Emission Assessments of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete: Environmental Influence of Cement Content. Geosci. Front. 2021, 12, 101235. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Reza, B.; Sadiq, R.; Hewage, K. Emergy-Based Life Cycle Assessment (Em-LCA) for Sustainability Appraisal of Infrastructure Systems: A Case Study on Paved Roads. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2014, 16, 251-266. [CrossRef] · DOI
  21. Wang, X.; Duan, Z.; Wu, L.; Yang, D. Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emission in Highway Construction: A Case Study in Southwest Region of China. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 103, 705-714. [CrossRef] · DOI
  22. Somboonpisan, J.; Limsawasd, C. Environmental Weight for Bid Evaluation to Promote Sustainability in Highway Construction Projects. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. 2021, 147, 04021013. [CrossRef] · DOI
  23. Nahangi, M.; Guven, G.; Olanrewaju, B.; Saxe, S. Embodied Greenhouse Gas Assessment of a Bridge: A Comparison of Preconstruction Building Information Model and Construction Records. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 295, 126388. [CrossRef] · DOI
  24. Dong, Y.; Frangopol, D.M.; Saydam, D. Time-Variant Sustainability Assessment of Seismically Vulnerable Bridges Subjected to Multiple Hazards. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 2013, 42, 1451-1467. [CrossRef] · DOI
  25. Dong, Y.; Frangopol, D.M.; Saydam, D. Sustainability of Highway Bridge Networks under Seismic Hazard. J. Earthq. Eng. 2014, 18, 41-66. [CrossRef] · DOI
  26. Mackie, K.R.; Kucukvar, M.; Tatari, O.; Elgamal, A. Sustainability Metrics for Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Response. J. Struct. Eng. 2016, 142, C4015001. [CrossRef] · DOI
  27. Noland, R.B.; Hanson, C.S. Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with a Highway Reconstruction: A New Jersey Case Study. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 107, 731-740. [CrossRef] · DOI
  28. Barandica, J.M.; Fernández-Sánchez, G.; Berzosa, Á.; Delgado, J.A.; Acosta, F.J. Applying Life Cycle Thinking to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Road Projects. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 57, 79-91. [CrossRef] · DOI
  29. Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, D.; Yu, Q. Life Cycle Assessment for Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Freeway Construction in Mountainous Area: Primary Source, Cut-off Determination of System Boundary. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019, 140, 36-44. [CrossRef] · DOI
  30. Keoleian, G.A.; Kendall, A.; Dettling, J.E.; Smith, V.M.; Chandler, R.F.; Lepech, M.D.; Li, V.C. Life Cycle Modeling of Concrete Bridge Design: Comparison of Engineered Cementitious Composite Link Slabs and Conventional Steel Expansion Joints. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 2005, 11, 51-60. [CrossRef] · DOI
  31. Heidari, M.R.; Heravi, G.; Esmaeeli, A.N. Integrating Life-Cycle Assessment and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis to Select Sustainable Pavement: A Probabilistic Model Using Managerial Flexibilities. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 254, 120046. [CrossRef] · DOI
  32. Santero, N.J.; Horvath, A. Global Warming Potential of Pavements. Environ. Res. Lett. 2009, 4, 034011. [CrossRef] · DOI
  33. Nazarnia, H.; Nazarnia, M.; Sarmasti, H.; Wills, W.O. A Systematic Review of Civil and Environmental Infrastructures for Coastal Adaptation to Sea Level Rise. Civ. Eng. J. 2020, 6, 1375-1399. [CrossRef] · DOI
  34. Rattanachot, W.; Wang, Y.; Chong, D.; Suwansawas, S. Adaptation Strategies of Transport Infrastructures to Global Climate Change. Transp. Policy 2015, 41, 159-166. [CrossRef] · DOI
  35. Arsenio, E.; de Macedo, A.L.; Rodrigues, M.; da Costa, E.M. Transport Infrastructures and Mobility for Portugal 2030: Insights from the Environmental Abessment Study of the National Investments' Plan. Transp. Res. Procedia 2023, 72, 3561-3568. [CrossRef] · DOI
  36. Mesdaghi, B.; Ghorbani, A.; de Bruijne, M. Institutional Dependencies in Climate Adaptation of Transport Infrastructures: An Institutional Network Analysis Approach. Environ. Sci. Policy 2022, 127, 120-136. [CrossRef] · DOI
  37. García Sánchez, F.; Govindarajulu, D. Integrating Blue-Green Infrastructure in Urban Planning for Climate Adaptation: Lessons from Chennai and Kochi, India. Land Use Policy 2023, 124, 106455. [CrossRef] · DOI
  38. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2023, 116, 103611. [CrossRef] · DOI
  39. Blackwood, L.; Renaud, F.G.; Gillespie, S. Nature-Based Solutions as Climate Change Adaptation Measures for Rail Infrastructure. Nat.-Based Solut. 2022, 2, 100013. [CrossRef] · DOI
  40. Markolf, S.A.; Hoehne, C.; Fraser, A.; Chester, M.V.; Underwood, B.S. Transportation Resilience to Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events-Beyond Risk and Robustness. Transp. Policy 2019, 74, 174-186. [CrossRef] · DOI
  41. Chatzichristaki, C.; Stefanidis, S.; Stefanidis, P.; Stathis, D. Analysis of the Flash Flood in Rhodes Island (South Greece) on 22 November 2013. Silva Balc. 2015, 16, 76-86.
  42. Jones, R.L.; Guha-Sapir, D.; Tubeuf, S. Human and Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Can We Trust the Global Data? Sci. Data 2022, 9, 1-7. [CrossRef] · DOI
  43. Mehare, N.P.; Joshi, M. An Urban Built Form and Its Microclimate on Urban Heat Island-A Review. Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 2022, 922-927. [CrossRef] · DOI
  44. Habermann, N.; Hedel, R. Damage Functions for Transport Infrastructure. Int. J. Disaster Resil. Built Environ. 2018, 9, 420-434. [CrossRef] · DOI
  45. Umar, N.; Gray, A. Flooding in Nigeria: A Review of Its Occurrence and Impacts and Approaches to Modelling Flood Data. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 2023, 80, 540-561. [CrossRef] · DOI
  46. Wahab, B.; Ojolowo, S. Building Contraventions and Incidence of Flood in the Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2018, 61, 385-405. [CrossRef] · DOI
  47. Echendu, A.J. The Impact of Flooding on Nigeria's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Ecosyst. Health Sustain. 2020, 6, 1791735. [CrossRef] · DOI
  48. Echendu, A.J. Flooding in Nigeria and Ghana: Opportunities for Partnerships in Disaster-Risk Reduction. Sustain. Sci. Pract. Policy 2022, 18, 1-15. [CrossRef] · DOI
  49. Adelekan, I.O. Flood Risk Management in the Coastal City of Lagos, Nigeria. J. Flood Risk Manag. 2016, 9, 255-264. [CrossRef] · DOI
  50. Egbinola, C.N.; Olaniran, H.D.; Amanambu, A.C. Flood Management in Cities of Developing Countries: The Example of Ibadan, Nigeria. J. Flood Risk Manag. 2017, 10, 546-554. [CrossRef] · DOI
  51. Nwokolo, C. Otse, Impact of Sunshine Duration and Clearness Index on Diffuse Solar Radiation Estimation in Mountainous Climate. Trends Renew. Energy 2019, 5, 307-332. [CrossRef] · DOI
  52. Adedeji, Y.M.D.; Taiwo, A.A.; Olotuah, O.A.; Fadairo, G.; Ayeni, D.A. Low Carbon Construction Materials and Techniques for Sustainable Housing Development in Nigeria. In Proceedings of the AEI 2013: Building Solutions for Architectural Engineering. In Proceedings of the 2013 Architectural Engineering National Conference, State College, PA, USA, 3-5 April 2013.
  53. Gugliotta, O.R. The Paris Agreement 5 Years Later: The Challenges of Climate Finance and Multilateral Development Banks. Białostockie Stud. Prawnicze 2021, 26, 23-40. [CrossRef] · DOI
  54. Skea, J.; Shukla, P.; Al Khourdajie, A.; McCollum, D. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Transparency and Integrated Assessment Modeling. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Chang. 2021, 12, e727. [CrossRef] · DOI
  55. Komolafe, A.A.; Adegboyega, S.A.A.; Akinluyi, F.O. A Review of Flood Risk Analysis in Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 2015, 11, 157. [CrossRef] · DOI
  56. Okoye, C.B.; Ojeh, V.N. Mapping of Flood Prone Areas in Surulere, Lagos, Nigeria: A GIS Approach. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 2015, 7, 158-176. [CrossRef] · DOI
  57. Abolade, O.; Muili, O.B.; Ikotun, A.B. Impacts of Flood Disaster in Agege Local Government Area. Int. J. Dev. Sustain. 2013, 2, 2354-2367.
  58. Olanrewaju, C.C.; Chitakira, M.; Olanrewaju, O.A.; Louw, E. Impacts of Flood Disasters in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of Health Implications and Management. Jamba J. Disaster Risk Stud. 2019, 11, 557. [CrossRef] · DOI
  59. Nkwunonwo, U.C.; Whitworth, M.; Baily, B. Review Article: A Review and Critical Analysis of the Efforts towards Urban Flood Risk Management in the Lagos Region of Nigeria. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 2016, 16, 349-369. [CrossRef] · DOI
  60. Wizor, C.H.; Agbabou, D. Impact of the 2012 Nigeria Flood on Emergent Cities of Nigeria: The Case of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Civ. Environ. Res. 2014, 6, 31-41.
  61. Komolafe, A.A.; Awe, B.S.; Olorunfemi, I.E.; Oguntunde, P.G. Modelling Flood-Prone Area and Vulnerability Using Integration of Multi-Criteria Analysis and HAND Model in the Ogun River Basin, Nigeria. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2020, 65, 1766-1783. [CrossRef] · DOI
  62. Eze, J.N.; Vogel, C.; Ibrahim, P.A. Assessment of Social Vulnerability of Households to Floods in Niger State, Nigeria. Int. Lett. Soc. Humanist. Sci. 2018, 84, 22-34. [CrossRef] · DOI
  63. Echendu, A.J. Flooding, Food Security and the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria: An Assemblage and Systems Thinking Approach. Soc. Sci. 2022, 11, 59. [CrossRef] · DOI
  64. Otomofa, J.; Okafor, B.N.; Obienusi, E.A. Evaluation of the Impacts of Flooding On Socio-Economic Activities in Oleh, Isoko South Local Government Area, Delta State. Evaluation 2015, 5, 155-171.
  65. Nwokolo, S.C.; Eyime, E.E.; Umunnakwe, A.; Ogbulezie, J.C. Africa ' s Path to Sustainability: Harnessing Technology, Policy, and Collaboration. Trends Renew. Energy 2024, 10, 98-131. [CrossRef] · DOI
  66. Nwokolo, S.C. A Comprehensive Review of Empirical Models for Estimating Global Solar Radiation in Africa. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 78, 955-995.
  67. Nwokolo, S.C.; Ogbulezie, J.C. A Qualitative Review of Empirical Models for Estimating Diffuse Solar Radiation from Experi- mental Data in Africa. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 92, 353-393. [CrossRef · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Beitelmal, W. H., Nwokolo, S. C., Meyer, E. L., & Ahia, C. C.
Affiliations
  • Dhofar University (OM)
  • University of Fort Hare (ZA)
Corresponding author
Nwokolo, Samuel Chukwujindu
Venue
Climate
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-08-08
Volume
12
Issue
8
Pages
117
ISSN
2225-1154 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4401442339
Cited by
57
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 26 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 1
FWCI
8.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Climate (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
Keywords
climate change adaptation, transport infrastructure, Lagos, sea level rise, flood vulnerability, extreme weather events, infrastructure resilience, drainage systems, slope stabilization, private sector partnerships, sustainable transport, stakeholder engagement, citizen participation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review