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Recent Advances in Surface Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the surface functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), revolutionizing their utility in multimodal imaging, drug delivery, and catalysis. This progression, spanning over the last decade, has unfolded in discernible phases, each marked by distinct advancements and paradigm shifts. In the nascent stage, emphasis was placed on foundational techniques, such as ligand exchange and organic coatings, establishing the groundwork for subsequent innovations. This review navigates through the cutting-edge developments in tailoring MNP surfaces, illuminating their pivotal role in advancing these diverse applications. The exploration encompasses an array of innovative strategies such as organic coatings, inorganic encapsulation, ligand engineering, self-assembly, and bioconjugation, elucidating how each approach impacts or augments MNP performance. Notably, surface-functionalized MNPs exhibit increased efficacy in multimodal imaging, demonstrating improved MRI contrast and targeted imaging. The current review underscores the transformative impact of surface modifications on drug delivery systems, enabling controlled release, targeted therapy, and enhanced biocompatibility. With a comprehensive analysis of characterization techniques and future prospects, this review surveys the dynamic landscape of MNP surface functionalization over the past three years (2021–2023). By dissecting the underlying principles and applications, the review provides not only a retrospective analysis but also a forward-looking perspective on the potential of surface-engineered MNPs in shaping the future of science, technology, and medicine.
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![Figure 5 Synthesis procedure for poly(2-(diethylamino) ethylmethacrylate) brushes capped with folic acid grafted on magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MMSNs) surfaces via SI-ARGET ATRP [44]. Figure 5. Synthesis procedure for poly(2-(diethylamino) ethylmethacrylate) brushes capped with folic acid grafted on magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MMSNs) surfaces via SI-ARGET ATRP [44]. Figure 5. Synthesis procedure for poly(2-(diethylamino) ethylmethacrylate) brushes capped with folic acid grafted on magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MMSNs) surfaces via SI-ARGET ATRP [44].](/paper-figures/0e7cc878f86e4ca58d36b8e7e1a6fd46/recent-advances-in-surface-functionalization-of-magnetic-nanoparticles-figure-5.png)
![Figure 6 ( A ) Synthesis of PGICLCys and SPIONs and conjugation with folic acid (FA) or methotrexate (MTX). SPION@PGlCLCys_MTX: ( B ) drug delivery assay at lysosomal pH (pH 5.3) with or without protease (ENZ); ( C ) breast carcinoma-derived MDA-MB 231 cells viability after 72 h at different MTX concentrations. Reprinted under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license from ref. [90]. Figure 6. ( A ) Synthesis of PGICLCys and SPIONs and conjugation with folic acid (FA) or methotrexate (MTX). SPION@PGlCLCys_MTX: ( B ) drug delivery assay at lysosomal pH (pH 5.3) with or without protease (ENZ); ( C ) breast carcinoma-derived MDA-MB 231 cells viability after 72 h at different MTX concentrations. Reprinted under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license from ref. [90].](/paper-figures/83903764387b41e0803b24762782469f/recent-advances-in-surface-functionalization-of-magnetic-nanoparticles-figure-6.png)


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“magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are of particular interest because of their unique magnetic properties, surface modifiability, and the ability to interact with external magnetic fields [3]. These factors also make MNPs suitable for many applications, such as targeted drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics, and hyperthermia treatments [4].”
From Advances in green-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy: mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Comanescu, C.
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- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-10-15
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1772
- ISSN
- 2079-6412
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Romanian Ministry of Research and Innovation (PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1657 (TE 84/2022), TE 91/2022, PC1-PN23080101)
- Core Program of the National Institute of Materials Physics (PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-1657 (TE 84/2022), TE 91/2022, PC1-PN23080101)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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