CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 29melanin and skin pigmentationBioactive natural compoundsMedicinal Plant Research

Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis Inhibition by Indigenous African Plants: A Review

Open access
Opperman, Laurentia, De Kock, Maryna, Klaasen, Jeremy, Rahiman, Farzana·2020·Cosmetics
DOI 10.3390/cosmetics7030060
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The indiscriminate use of non-regulated skin lighteners among African populations has raised health concerns due to the negative effects associated with skin lightener toxicity. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the cosmetic development of plants and their metabolites as alternatives to available chemical-derived skin lightening formulations. Approximately 90% of Africa’s population depends on traditional medicine, and the continent’s biodiversity holds plant material with various biological activities, thus attracting considerable research interest. This study aimed to review existing evidence and document indigenous African plant species capable of inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase and melanogenesis for potential incorporation into skin lightening products. Literature search on melanin biosynthesis, skin lightening, and tyrosinase inhibitors resulted in the identification of 35 plant species were distributed among 31 genera and 21 families across 15 African countries and 9 South African provinces. All plants identified in this study showed competent tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitory capabilities. These results indicate that African plants have the potential to serve as alternatives to current chemically-derived skin lighteners.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cosmetics7030060

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

No citation lists for this paper

No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.

References 89 · Cited by 29

Research works printed but not linked: 88

  1. Masum, M.N.; Yamauchi, K.; Mitsunaga, T. Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Natural and Synthetic Sources as Skin-lightening Agents. Rev. Agric. Sci. 2019, 7, 41-58. [CrossRef] · DOI
  2. Chang, T.S. An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 2440-2475. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  3. Jawaid, S.; Khan, T.H.; Osborn, H.M.; Williams, N.A.O. Tyrosinase activated melanoma prodrugs. Anticancer Agents Med. Chem. 2009, 9, 717-727. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  4. Mapunya, M.B.; Lall, N. Melanin and Its Role in Hyper-Pigmentation-Current Knowledge and Future Trends in Research. Breakthr. Melanoma Res. 2011. [CrossRef] · DOI
  5. Videira, I.F.D.S.; Moura, D.F.L.; Magina, S. Mechanisms regulating melanogenesis. An. Bras. Dermatol. 2013, 88, 76-83. [CrossRef] · DOI
  6. Campos, P.M.; da Silva Horinouchi, C.D.; da Silveira Prudente, A.; Cechinel-Filho, V.; de Almeida Cabrini, D.; Otuki, M.F. Effect of a Garcinia gardneriana (Planchon and Triana) Zappi hydroalcoholic extract on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 148, 199-204. [CrossRef] · DOI
  7. Chiocchio, I.; Mandrone, M.; Sanna, C.; Maxia, A.; Tacchini, M.; Poli, F.J.I.C. Screening of a hundred plant extracts as tyrosinase and elastase inhibitors, two enzymatic targets of cosmetic interest. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 122, 498-505. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Hollinger, J.C.; Angra, K.; Halder, R.M. Are natural ingredients effective in the management of hyperpigmentation? A systematic review. J. Clin. Aesthet Dermatol. 2018, 11, 28-37.
  9. Gillbro, J.M.; Olsson, M.J. The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents-existing and new approaches. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2011, 33, 210-221. [CrossRef] · DOI
  10. Sari, D.M.; Anwar, E.; Arifianti, A.E. Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities of ethanol extracts of brown seaweed (Turbinaria conoides) as lightening ingredient. Phcog. J. 2019, 11, 379-382. [CrossRef] · DOI
  11. Mohiuddin, A.K. Skin Lightening & Management of Hyperpigmentation. Pharma Sci. Anal. Res. J. 2019, 2. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Sagoe, D.; Pallesen, S.; Dlova, N.C.; Lartey, M.; Ezzedine, K.; Dadzie, O. The global prevalence and correlates of skin bleaching: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2019, 58, 24-44. [CrossRef] · DOI
  13. Adebajo, S.B. An epidemiological survey of the use of cosmetic skin lightening cosmetics among traders in Lagos, Nigeria. Mercury 2002, 5, 434-438.
  14. Dlova, N.C.; Hamed, S.H.; Tsoka-Gwegweni, J.; Grobler, A. Skin lightening practices: An epidemiological study of South African women of African and Indian ancestries. Br. J. Dermatol. 2015, 173, 2-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI · Paper page
  15. Wone, I.; Tal-Dia, A.; Diallo, O.F.; Badiane, M.; Touré, K.; Diallo, I. Prevalence of the use of skin bleaching cosmetics in two areas in Dakar (Sénégal). Dakar Med. 2000, 45, 154-157.
  16. Charles, C. Skin bleaching and the deconstruction of blackness. Ideaz 2003, 2, 42-54.
  17. Charles, C.A. Skin bleachers' representations of skin color in Jamaica. J. Black Stud. 2009, 40, 153-170. [CrossRef] · DOI
  18. Arbab, A.; Eltahir, M.M. Review on skin whitening agents. Khartoum. Pharm. J. 2010, 13, 5-9.
  19. Dlova, N.; Hamed, S.H.; Tsoka-Gwegweni, J.; Grobler, A.; Hift, R. Women's perceptions of the benefits and risks of skin-lightening creams in two South African communities. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2014, 13, 236-241. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Nnoruka, E.; Okoye, O. Topical steroid abuse: Its use as a depigmenting agent. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 2006, 98, 934. [PubMed]
  21. Mulholland, D.A.; Mwangi, E.M.; Dlova, N.C.; Plant, N.; Crouch, N.R.; Coombes, P.H. Non-toxic melanin production inhibitors from Garcinia livingstonei (Clusiaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 149, 570-575. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  22. Villareal, M.O.; Kume, S.; Bourhim, T.; Bakhtaoui, F.Z.; Kashiwagi, K.; Han, J.; Gadhi, C.; Isoda, H. Activation of MITF by argan oil leads to the inhibition of the tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase expressions in B16 murine melanoma cells. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2013, 2013, 1-9. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  23. Michalek, I.M.; Benn, E.K.; Dos Santos, F.L.C.; Gordon, S.; Wen, C.; Liu, B. A systematic review of global legal regulations on the permissible level of heavy metals in cosmetics with particular emphasis on skin lightening products. Environ. Res. 2019, 170, 187-193. [CrossRef] · DOI
  24. Chan, T.Y. Inorganic mercury poisoning associated with skin-lightening cosmetic products. Clin. Toxicol. 2011, 49, 886-891. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  25. Davids, L.M.; Van Wyk, J.; Khumalo, N.P.; Jablonski, N.G. The phenomenon of skin lightening: Is it right to be light? S. Afr. J. Sci. 2016, 112, 1-5. [CrossRef] · DOI
  26. Kamagaju, L.; Morandini, R.; Gahongayire, F.; Stévigny, C.; Ghanem, G.; Pirotte, G.; Duez, P. Survey on skin-lightening practices and cosmetics in Kigali, Rwanda. Int. J. Dermatol. 2016, 55, 45-51. [CrossRef] · DOI
  27. Gbetoh, M.H.; Amyot, M. Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in West Africa and Canada. Environ. Res. 2016, 150, 403-410. [CrossRef] · DOI
  28. Di Petrillo, A.; González-Paramás, A.M.; Era, B.; Medda, R.; Pintus, F.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Fais, A. Tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant properties of Asphodelus microcarpus extracts. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2016, 16, 453. [CrossRef] · DOI
  29. Ribeiro, A.S.; Estanqueiro, M.; Oliveira, M.B.; Sousa Lobo, J.M. Main benefits and applicability of plant extracts in skin care products. Cosmetics 2015, 2, 48-65. [CrossRef] · DOI
  30. Kumari, S.; Elancheran, R.; Devi, R. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, antityrosinase, and antigenotoxic potential of Amaranthus viridis extract. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2018, 50, 130. [PubMed]
  31. Mapunya, M.B.; Nikolova, R.V.; Lall, N. Melanogenesis and antityrosinase activity of selected South African plants. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 1-6. [CrossRef] · DOI
  32. Momtaz, S.; Mapunya, B.M.; Houghton, P.J.; Edgerly, C.; Hussein, A.; Naidoo, S.; Lall, N. Tyrosinase inhibition by extracts and constituents of Sideroxylon inerme L. stem bark, used in South Africa for skin lightening. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 119, 507-512. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  33. Twilley, D.; Lall, N. African plants with dermatological and ocular relevance. Toxicol. Surv. Afr. Med. Plants 2014, 493-512. [CrossRef] · DOI
  34. Abdillahi, H.S.; Finnie, J.F.; Van Staden, J. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and phenolic contents of four Podocarpus species used in traditional medicine in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011, 136, 496-503. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  35. Muddathir, A.M.; Yamauchi, K.; Batubara, I.; Mohieldin, E.A.M.; Mitsunaga, T. Anti-tyrosinase, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2017, 109, 9-15. [CrossRef] · DOI
  36. Zhu, W.; Gao, J. The use of botanical extracts as topical skin-lightening agents for the improvement of skin pigmentation disorders. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 2008, 13, 20-24. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  37. Mapunya, M.B.; Hussein, A.A.; Rodriguez, B.; Lall, N. Tyrosinase activity of Greyia flanaganii (Bolus) constituents. Phytomedicine 2011, 18, 1006-1012. [CrossRef] · DOI
  38. Lee, S.Y.; Baek, N.; Nam, T.G. Natural, semisynthetic and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem. 2016, 31, 1-13. [CrossRef] · DOI
  39. Momtaz, S.; Lall, N.; Basson, A. Inhibitory activities of mushroom tyrosine and DOPA oxidation by plant extracts. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2008, 74, 577-582. [CrossRef] · DOI
  40. Ali, S.A. Recent advances in treatment of skin disorders using herbal products. J. Skin 2017, 1, 6-7.
  41. Huang, Z.; Hashida, K.; Makino, R.; Kawamura, F.; Shimizu, K.; Kondo, R.; Ohara, S. Evaluation of biological activities of extracts from 22 African tropical wood species. J. Wood Sci. 2009, 55, 225-229. [CrossRef] · DOI
  42. Chao, H.C.; Najjaa, H.; Villareal, M.O.; Ksouri, R.; Han, J.; Neffati, M.; Isoda, H. Arthrophytum scoparium inhibits melanogenesis through the down-regulation of tyrosinase and melanogenic gene expressions in B 16 melanoma cells. Exp. Dermatol. 2013, 22, 131-136. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  43. Sallam, A.; Mira, A.; Ashour, A.; Shimizu, K. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and melanin synthesis inhibitors from Salvia officinalis. Phytomedicine 2016, 23, 1005-1011. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  44. Lall, N.; Mogapi, E.; De Canha, M.N.; Crampton, B.; Nqephe, M.; Hussein, A.A.; Kumar, V. Insights into tyrosinase inhibition by compounds isolated from Greyia radlkoferi Szyszyl using biological activity, molecular docking and gene expression analysis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2016, 24, 5953-5959. [CrossRef] · DOI
  45. Kishore, N.; Twilley, D.; Blom van Staden, A.; Verma, P.; Singh, B.; Cardinali, G.; Kovacs, D.; Picardo, M.; Kumar, V.; Lall, N. Isolation of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides from Myrsine africana and their inhibitory activities against mushroom tyrosinase. J. Nat. Prod. 2018, 81, 49-56. [CrossRef] · DOI
  46. Kamagaju, L.; Morandini, R.; Bizuru, E.; Nyetera, P.; Nduwayezu, J.B.; Stévigny, C.; Ghanem, G.; Duez, P. Tyrosinase modulation by five Rwandese herbal medicines traditionally used for skin treatment. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 146, 824-834. [CrossRef] · DOI
  47. Sonka, L. Exploring Anti-Tyrosinase Bioactive Compounds from the Cape Flora. Master's Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, 2018.
  48. Takou, D.M.; Waffo, A.F.K.; Langat, M.K.; Wansi, J.D.; Mulcahy-Ryan, L.E.; Schwikkard, S.L.; Opara, E.I.; Mas-Claret, E.; Mulholland, D.A. Melanin Production Inhibitors from the West African Cassipourea Congoensis. Planta Med. 2019, 6, 50-56. [CrossRef] · DOI
  49. Bourhim, T.; Villareal, M.O.; Gadhi, C.; Hafidi, A.; Isoda, H. Depigmenting effect of argan press-cake extract through the down-regulation of Mitf and melanogenic enzymes expression in B16 murine melanoma cells. Cytotechnology 2018, 70, 1389-1397. [CrossRef] · DOI
  50. Momtaz, S. Tyrosinase Inhibitors Isolated from Ceratonia Siliqua (L.) and Sideroxylon Inerme (L.). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2007.
  51. Zhang, J.; Li, D.; Lv, Q.; Ye, F.; Jing, X.; Masters, E.T.; Shimizu, N.; Abe, M.; Akihisa, T.; Feng, F. Compositions and melanogenesis-inhibitory activities of the extracts of defatted shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) kernels from seven African countries. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2018, 70, 89-97. [CrossRef] · DOI
  52. Kawano, M.; Matsuyama, K.; Miyamae, Y.; Shinmoto, H.; Kchouk, M.E.; Morio, T.; Shigemori, H.; Isoda, H. Antimelanogenesis effect of Tunisian herb Thymelaea hirsuta extract on B16 murine melanoma cells. Exp. Dermatol. 2007, 16, 977-984. [CrossRef] · DOI
  53. Miyamae, Y.; Villareal, M.O.; Abdrabbah, M.B.; Isoda, H.; Shigemori, H. Hirseins A and B, daphnane diterpenoids from Thymelaea hirsuta that inhibit melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 938-941. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  54. Villareal, M.O.; Han, J.; Yamada, P.; Shigemori, H.; Isoda, H. Hirseins inhibit melanogenesis by regulating the gene expressions of Mitf and melanogenesis enzymes. Exp. Dermatol. 2010, 19, 450-457. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  55. Momtaz, S.; Lall, N.; Hussein, A.; Ostad, S.N.; Abdollahi, M. Investigation of the possible biological activities of a poisonous South African plant; Hyaenanche globosa (Euphorbiaceae). Pharmacogn. Mag. 2010, 6, 34.
  56. Jdey, A.; Falleh, H.; Jannet, S.B.; Hammi, K.M.; Dauvergne, X.; Magné, C.; Ksouri, R. Anti-aging activities of extracts from Tunisian medicinal halophytes and their aromatic constituents. EXCLI J. 2017, 16, 755.
  57. Popoola, O.K.; Marnewick, J.L.; Rautenbach, F.; Iwuoha, E.I.; Hussein, A.A. Acylphloroglucinol derivatives from the South African Helichrysum niveum and their biological activities. Molecules 2015, 20, 17309-17324. [CrossRef] · DOI
  58. Thibane, V.S.; Ndhlala, A.R.; Abdelgadir, H.A.; Finnie, J.F.; Van Staden, J. The cosmetic potential of plants from the Eastern Cape Province traditionally used for skincare and beauty. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 122, 475-483. [CrossRef] · DOI
  59. Thibane, V.S.; Ndhlala, A.R.; Finnie, J.F.; Van Staden, J. Cosmeceutical efficiency by some plant extracts used traditionally for skin care in inhibiting tyrosinase activity in a human epidermal melanocyte (HEM) cell line. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 126, 256-260. [CrossRef] · DOI
  60. Okunji, C.; Komarnytsky, S.; Fear, G.; Poulev, A.; Ribnicky, D.M.; Awachie, P.I.; Ito, Y.; Raskin, I. Preparative isolation and identification of tyrosinase inhibitors from the seeds of Garcinia kola by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 45-50. [CrossRef] · DOI
  61. Sadeer, N.B.; Llorent-Martínez, E.J.; Bene, K.; Mahomoodally, M.F.; Mollica, A.; Sinan, K.I.; Stefanucci, A.; Ruiz-Riaguas, A.; Fernández-de Córdova, M.L.; Zengin, G. Chemical profiling, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and molecular modelling studies on the leaves and stem bark extracts of three African medicinal plants. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2019, 174, 19-33. [CrossRef] · DOI
  62. Stapelberg, J.; Nqephe, M.; Lambrechts, I.; Crampton, B.; Lall, N. Selected South African plants with tyrosinase enzyme inhibition and their effect on gene expression. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 120, 280-285. [CrossRef] · DOI
  63. Rondo, M. Phytochemical and Biological Studies on Some South African Plants Used in Traditional Medicine for Skin Hyperpigmentation. Master's Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, 2017.
  64. Lall, N.; Van Staden, A.B.; Rademan, S.; Lambrechts, I.; De Canha, M.N.; Mahore, J.; Winterboer, S.; Twilley, D. Antityrosinase and anti-acne potential of plants traditionally used in the Jongilanga community in Mpumalanga. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 126, 241-249. [CrossRef] · DOI
  65. Nyila, M. Antilisterial Bioactivity and/or Biofilm-Formation by Compounds from Plectranthus Ecklonii Benth. and Acacia Karroo Hayne. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2011.
  66. Ronauld, N.G.E. Detection of Selective Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Some South African Plant Extracts of Lamiaceae Family. Master's Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, 2016.
  67. Lehbili, M.; Alabdul Magid, A.; Kabouche, A.; Voutquenne-Nazabadioko, L.; Abedini, A.; Morjani, H.; Gangloff, S.C.; Kabouche, Z. Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of triterpenes and flavonoids from the aerial parts of Salvia barrelieri Etl. Nat. Prod. Res. 2018, 32, 2683-2691. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  68. Sinan, K.I.; Bene, K.; Zengin, G.; Diuzheva, A.; Jekő, J.; Cziáky, Z.; Picot-Allain, C.M.N.; Mollica, A.; Rengasamy, K.R.; Mahomoodally, M.F. A comparative study of the HPLC-MS profiles and biological efficiency of different solvent leaf extracts of two African plants: Bersama abyssinica and Scoparia dulcis. Int. J. Environ. 2019, 1-13. [CrossRef] · DOI
  69. Lee, D.E.; Kwon, J.E.; Choung, E.S.; Lee, S.R.; Kang, S.C. The antiwrinkle and antimelanogenic effects of the nonedible part of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench and their augmentation by fermentation. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2017, 68, 271-283. [PubMed]
  70. Bene, K.; Sinan, K.I.; Zengin, G.; Diuzheva, A.; Jekő, J.; Cziáky, Z.; Aumeeruddy, M.Z.; Xiao, J.; Mahomoodally, M.F. A multidirectional investigation of stem bark extracts of four African plants: HPLC-MS/MS profiling and biological potentials. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2019, 168, 217-224. [CrossRef] · DOI
  71. Elansary, H.O.; Mahmoud, E.A.; Shokralla, S.; Yessoufou, K. Diversity of plants, traditional knowledge, and practices in local cosmetics: A case study from Alexandria, Egypt. Econ. Bot. 2015, 69, 114-126. [CrossRef] · DOI
  72. Van Wyk, B.E. The potential of South African plants in the development of new medicinal products. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2011, 77, 812-829. [CrossRef] · DOI
  73. Leyden, J.J.; Shergill, B.; Micali, G.; Downie, J.; Wallo, W. Natural options for the management of hyperpigmentation. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2011, 25, 1140-1145. [CrossRef] · DOI
  74. Kim, J.S.; Seo, Y.C.; No, R.H.; Lee, H.Y. Improved cosmetic activity by optimizing the Lithospermum erythrorhizon extraction process. Cytotechnology 2015, 67, 51-65. [CrossRef] · DOI
  75. Jennifer, C.; Stephie, C.M.; Abhishri, S.B.; Shalini, B.U. A review on skin whitening property of plant extracts. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2012, 3, 332-347.
  76. Parvez, S.; Kang, M.; Chung, H.S.; Bae, H. Naturally occurring tyrosinase inhibitors: Mechanism and applications in skin health, cosmetics and agriculture industries. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21, 805-816. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  77. Lee, S.H.; Kang, S.M.; Sok, C.H.; Hong, J.T.; Oh, J.Y.; Jeon, Y.J. Cellular activities and docking studies of eckol isolated from Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) as potential tyrosinase inhibitor. Algae 2015, 30, 163-170.
  78. Jara, J.R.; Solano, F.; Lozano, J.A. Assays for mammalian tyrosinase: A comparative study. Pigment Cell Res. 1988, 1, 332-339. [CrossRef] · DOI
  79. Faig, J.J.; Moretti, A.; Joseph, L.B.; Zhang, Y.; Nova, M.J.; Smith, K.; Uhrich, K.E. Biodegradable kojic acid-based polymers: Controlled delivery of bioactives for melanogenesis inhibition. Biomacromolecules 2017, 18, 363-373. [CrossRef] · DOI
  80. Chang, T.S. Natural melanogenesis inhibitors acting through the down-regulation of tyrosinase activity. Materials 2012, 5, 1661-1685. [CrossRef] · DOI
  81. Correia, A.F.; Segovia, J.F.O.; Gonçalves, M.C.A.; De Oliveira, V.L.; Silveira, D.; Carvalho, J.C.T.; Kanzaki, L.I.B. Amazonian plant crude extract screening for activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Eur. Rev. Med. 2008, 12, 369-380.
  82. Zargoosh, Z.; Ghavam, M.; Bacchetta, G.; Tavili, A. Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 1-15. [CrossRef] · DOI
  83. Lall, N.; Kishore, N. Are plants used for skin care in South Africa fully explored? J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 153, 61-84. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  84. Brenner, M.; Hearing, V.J. Modifying skin pigmentation-approaches through intrinsic biochemistry and exogenous agents. Drug Discov. Today Dis. Mech. 2008, 5, 189-199. [CrossRef] · DOI
  85. Smit, N.; Vicanova, J.; Pavel, S. The hunt for natural skin whitening agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 5326-5349. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  86. Fisk, W.A.; Agbai, O.; Lev-Tov, H.A.; Sivamani, R.K. The use of botanically derived agents for hyperpigmentation: A systematic review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2014, 70, 352-365. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI
  87. Dlova, N.C.; Hendricks, N.E.; Martincgh, B.S. Skin-lightening creams used in Durban, South Africa. Int. J. Dermatol. 2012, 51, 51-53. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI · Paper page
  88. Olumide, Y.M. Use of skin lightening cream. Br. Med. J. 2010, 342, 345-346. [CrossRef] [PubMed] · DOI

Authors
Opperman, L., De Kock, M., Klaasen, J., & Rahiman, F.
Affiliations
  • University of the Western Cape (ZA)
  • Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
Corresponding author
Rahiman, Farzana
ORCID
Venue
Cosmetics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-07-29
Volume
7
Issue
3
Pages
60
ISSN
2079-9284 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cosmetics7030060
OpenAlex
W3046079303
Cited by
29
References
89
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 2
FWCI
2.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cosmetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UWC Research Repository (University of the Western Cape) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Research Fund (NRF) South Africa (National Research Fund (NRF) South Africa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bioactive natural compounds
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Medicinal Plant Research
Keywords
tyrosinase inhibition, melanogenesis inhibition, skin lightening, African medicinal plants, plant extracts, melanogenesis, traditional medicine, cosmetic ingredients

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review