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Cited by 83Pharmacological Effects of Natural CompoundsSkin Protection and AgingPhytochemistry and Biological Activities

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata) and Their Constituents as Active Cosmeceutical Ingredients

Open access
Cerulli, Antonietta, Masullo, Milena, Montoro, Paola, Piacente, Sonia·2022·Cosmetics
DOI 10.3390/cosmetics9010007
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Abstract

The interest in plant extracts and natural compounds in cosmetic formulations is growing. Natural products may significantly improve cosmetics performance since they have both cosmetic and therapeutic-like properties, known as cosmeceutical effects. Glycyrrhiza genus, belonging to the Leguminosae family, comprises more than 30 species, widely distributed worldwide. The rhizomes and roots are the most important medicinal parts currently used in pharmaceutical industries and in the production of functional foods and food supplements. In the last few years, the interest in their potential activities in cosmetic formulations has greatly increased. Glycyrrhiza spp. extracts are widely implemented in cosmetic products for their good whitening effect. The biological effects of Glycyrrhiza extracts are especially ascribable to the occurrence of specialized metabolites belonging to the flavonoid class. This review focuses on the botany and the chemistry of the main investigated Glycyrrhiza spp. (G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata) along with their cosmeceutical activities categorized as skin anti-aging, photoprotective, hair care, and anti-acne. It has been highlighted how, along with Glycyrrhiza extracts, three main flavonoids namely licochalcone A, glabridin, and dehydroglyasperin C are the most investigated compounds. It is noteworthy that other molecules from licorice show potential cosmeceutical effects. These data suggest further investigations to clarify their potential value for cosmetic industries.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes the botany, chemistry, and cosmeceutical potential of *Glycyrrhiza glabra*, *G. uralensis*, and *G. inflata*, focusing on skin anti-aging, photoprotective, hair care, and anti-acne activities. It highlights licochalcone A, glabridin, and dehydroglyasperin C as the most investigated licorice flavonoids, while calling for further work on *G. inflata* and topical toxicity.

Key findings

  • More than 400 phytochemicals have been isolated from *Glycyrrhiza*, including more than 300 flavonoids and more than 70 saponins; glycyrrhizin is reported at 10–16% of licorice root dry weight and is 30–50 times sweeter than sucrose.
  • Glabridin is the principal isoflavane in *G. glabra* roots, ranging from 0.08% to 0.35% dry weight and accounting for 11% of total flavonoid content; it is considered a species-specific marker for *G. glabra*, while licochalcone A marks *G. inflata* and glycycoumarin marks *G. uralensis*.
  • Anti-tyrosinase data include *G. glabra* extract inhibiting tyrosinase by 78.45% versus kojic acid at 99.67%; methanol and ethyl-acetate licorice root extracts had IC50 values of 2.1 and 4.7 µg/mL; glabridin inhibited tyrosinase in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells at 0.1–1.0 µg/mL.
  • Other reported activities include glabrene and isoliquiritigenin tyrosinase IC50 values of 3.5 and 8.1 µM; semilicoisoflavone B, allolicoisoflavone B, and glabridin IC50 values of 0.25, 0.80, and 0.10 µM; and eicosanyl caffeate/docosyl caffeate elastase IC50 values of 0.99 and 1.4 µg/mL.

Methods

  • Narrative review of *Glycyrrhiza* botany, chemistry, and cosmeceutical activities, categorized as skin anti-aging, photoprotective, hair care, and anti-acne.
  • The paper synthesizes published literature on *G. glabra*, *G. uralensis*, and *G. inflata* extracts and isolated compounds, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies; it presents no primary experimental data.
  • Main analysis is qualitative synthesis of reported chemical markers, extraction methods, and biological activities.

Limitations

  • The paper states that several investigations focus on *G. glabra* and *G. uralensis*, but very few reports account for *G. inflata*, so further research is needed to assess its cosmeceutical value.
  • The paper states that other licorice constituents show potential cosmeceutical effects but require further investigation, and that toxicity has mainly been evaluated after oral, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular administration, so topical toxicity needs additional assessment; it also notes caution during pregnancy.
  • Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a stated systematic search strategy or quantitative meta-analysis, and many biological claims rely on cited studies whose designs and sample details are not fully described.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cosmetics9010007

Cites

90 of 90 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

37 of 132 cited sources checked · 23 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Pinocembrin, the main compound in G. glabra leaves, has a moderate inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase.

    “Pinocembrin, the main compound in G. glabra leaves, is reported to have a moderate inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase [43].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Dong, 2014, Bioactive profiles, antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging capacities and protective effects on H2O2-injured PC12 cells of Glycyrrhiza Glabra L. leaf and root extracts, Molecules source
  • Premisecitation

    Glycycoumarin is considered a species-specific metabolite for G. uralensis.

    “So far, glycycoumarin, a metabolite reported in higher amounts in G. uralensis, in small amounts in G. inflata, and in trace amounts in G. glabra, is considered a species-specific metabolite for G. uralensis [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Husain, 2021, A review on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, drug interactions, and associated toxicities of licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.), Food Front. source

      Section 5, “Species-specific metabolite markers in different licorice species,” explicitly calls glycycoumarin a species-specific metabolite for G. uralensis and reports a small amount in G. inflata. But the cited sentence also says it occurs in trace amounts in G. glabra; the review says it was not quantified there, even at trace amounts. (LLM, conf=0.91)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts of licorice roots exhibited significant activity with low IC50 values (2.1 and 4.7 μg/mL).

    “Methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts of licorice roots exhibited significant activity with low IC50 values (2.1 and 4.7 µg/mL) [38].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Chaita, E., Lambrinidis, G., Cheimonidi, C., Agalou, A., Beis, D., Trougakos, I., Mikros, E., Skaltsounis, A.-L., and Aligiannis, N. (2017). Anti-melanogenic properties of Greek plants. A novel depigmenting agent from Morus alba wood. Molecules, 22. source

      Results §2.1 reports that both Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts had strong anti-melanogenic activity, with IC50 values of 2.1 ± 0.1 and 4.7 ± 0.3 µg/mL; Methods §3.2 confirms that methanol and ethyl-acetate extracts were prepared. Our copy does not identify the tested licorice plant part as roots, so that detail is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Phytochemicals derived from plants showed skin beneficial properties related to UV protection, anti-oxidant action, matrix protection, and skin hydration.

    “In addition, phytochemicals derived from plants showed skin beneficial properties related to UV protection, anti-oxidant action, matrix protection, and skin hydration [31,32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Thiviya, P., Gamage, A., Piumali, D., Merah, O., and Madhujith, T. (2021). Apiaceae as an Important Source of Antioxidants and Their Applications. Cosmetics, 8. source

      Sections 8 and 9 describe antioxidant and photoprotective effects of plant compounds, and Section 8 says polyphenols may inhibit collagenase and elastase, helping protect skin structure. The cited paper does not address skin hydration, so it does not support that part of the claim. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [32] Mahendra, C.K., Tan, L.T.H., Mahendra, C.K., Ser, H.-L., Pusparajah, P., Htar, T.T., Chuah, L.-H., Yap, W.H., Tang, S.Y., and Ming, L.C. (2021). The Potential of Sky Fruit as an Anti-Aging and Wound Healing Cosmeceutical Agent. Cosmetics, 8. source

      The Abstract and §3.3 report UV absorption by sky-fruit seed extracts and antioxidant activity in one fraction, supporting those parts of the claim. The Introduction mentions pro-collagen properties of natural cosmetic ingredients, but the paper does not establish matrix protection or skin hydration for the extracts; its findings also concern a specific plant rather than plant phytochemicals generally. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    A mixture of ethanol/water (30:70, v/v) used for an extraction time of 60 min under 50°C of licorice gave a high recovery of glabridin (72.5%).

    “Indeed a mixture of ethanol/water (30:70, v/v) used for an extraction time of 60 min under 50 • C of licorice gave a high recovery of glabridin (72.5%) [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Tian, 2008, Extraction of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Glabridin from Licorice, Int. J. Mol. Sci. source
  • May combine two claims. 41
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glabridin is the principal isoflavane identified in G. glabra roots, ranging between 0.08% and 0.35% of dry weight.

    “Glabridin is the principal isoflavane identified, ranging between 0.08% and 0.35% of G. glabra roots dry weight [4,17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Pastorino, 2018, Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A phytochemical and pharmacological review, Phytother. Res. source

      Section 3 (Phytochemistry and Bioactive Compounds; page unavailable) identifies glabridin as the principal compound and gives the claimed range of 0.08%–0.35% of root dry weight. It calls glabridin the principal “isoflavone,” however, not the principal “isoflavane” as the citing sentence states. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [17] Simmler, 2013, Phytochemistry and biological properties of glabridin, Fitoterapia source

      Section 2.1 (page not provided) states that glabridin occurs in G. glabra roots at 0.08–0.35% of their dry weight and identifies it as a species-specific metabolite. The cited copy treats glabridin as an isoflavan, but does not establish that it is the principal isoflavane in those roots. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The 50% dry weight of licorice roots is due to water-soluble metabolites and sugars (5-15% glucose, sucrose, and mannitol), starch (25-30%), glycyrrhizin (10-16%), amines (1-2% asparagine, betaine, and choline), and sterols (stigmasterol and β-sitosterol).

    “The 50% dry weight of licorice roots is due to water-soluble metabolites and sugars (5-15% glucose, sucrose, and mannitol), starch (25-30%), glycyrrhizin (10-16%), amines (1-2% asparagine, betaine, and choline), and sterols (stigmasterol and β-sitosterol) [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Husain, 2021, A review on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, drug interactions, and associated toxicities of licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.), Food Front. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Melanogenesis is the physiological process of melanin formation in which tyrosinase, a copper-dependent enzyme, initiates the first step.

    “Melanogenesis is the physiological process of melanin formation in which tyrosinase, a copper-dependent enzyme, initiates the first step [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Opperman, L., De Kock, M., Klaasen, J., and Rahiman, F. (2020). Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis Inhibition by Indigenous African Plants: A Review. Cosmetics, 7. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Generally, alkaloids and tannins were not detected in Glycyrrhiza.

    “Generally, alkaloids and tannins were not detected [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Husain, 2021, A review on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, drug interactions, and associated toxicities of licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.), Food Front. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licochalcone A and glabridin were indicated as specific metabolites of G. inflata and G. glabra, respectively.

    “The metabolites licochalcone A and glabridin, which are discussed more in the next paragraphs, were indicated as specific metabolites of G. inflata, and G. glabra, respectively [20,25].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] Song, 2017, Biosynthesis-Based Quantitative Analysis of 151 Secondary Metabolites of Licorice To Differentiate Medicinal Glycyrrhiza Species and Their Hybrids, Anal. Chem. source
    • cites [25] Simmler, 2015, Metabolite Profiling and Classification of DNA-Authenticated Licorice Botanicals, J. Nat. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cosmeceuticals are a growing sector of the personal care industry.

    “Cosmeceuticals are a growing sector of the personal care industry [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Hoang, H.T., Moon, J.-Y., and Lee, Y.-C. (2021). Natural Antioxidants from Plant Extracts in Skincare Cosmetics: Recent Applications, Challenges and Perspectives. Cosmetics, 8. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Certain compounds present in the roots are also identified in the leaves of G. glabra.

    “These studies demonstrated that certain compounds present in the roots are also identified in the leaves of G. glabra leaves [16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Sharma, V., Katiyar, A., and Agrawal, R.C. (2017). Glycyrrhiza glabra: Chemistry and Pharmacological Activity. Sweeten. Pharmacol. Biotechnol. Appl., 87–100. source

      The Phytochemistry/Chemistry section lists compounds isolated from G. glabra roots, while the Introduction’s Morphology section describes the leaves without discussing their chemistry. Searches for compounds shared by roots and leaves found no passage identifying any such overlap in our copy; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tyrosinase catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA and then to dopachrome, which is subsequently polymerized spontaneously to melanin via a series of reactions; consequently, tyrosinase is responsible for skin hyperpigmentation.

    “Tyrosinase catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA and then to dopachrome, which is subsequently polymerized spontaneously to melanin via a series of reactions [37]; consequently, tyrosinase is responsible for skin hyperpigmentation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Uto, T., Ohta, T., Yamashita, A., Fujii, S., and Shoyama, Y. (2019). Liquiritin and liquiritigenin induce melanogenesis via enhancement of p38 and PKA signaling pathways. Medicines, 6. source

      The Introduction (§1) says tyrosinase converts tyrosine to DOPA, but specifies that it oxidizes DOPA to DOPA quinone—not directly to dopachrome. It also describes a subsequent enzyme-catalyzed step rather than the claimed spontaneous polymerization to melanin. The citation is attached to the reaction sequence, so the uncited concluding statement about hyperpigmentation is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    In a clinical trial of 102 subjects with moderate to very strong dandruff, a combination of piroctone, olamine, and licochalcone A significantly decreased pro-inflammatory dandruff markers after treatment.

    “In this study, a cytokine analysis was performed, and the results proved a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory dandruff markers after treatment with the tested products.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [89] Schweiger, 2013, Highly efficient rinse-off/leave-on scalp care treatments to reduce moderate to severe dandruff, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licoricidin blocks UV-A-induced photoaging acting as ROS scavenger.

    “Licoricidin blocked UV-A-induced photoaging acting as ROS scavenger.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Kim, 2017, The beneficial effects of an oriental herbal complex supplement on women’s hair and scalp conditions: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, J. Food Nutr. Res. source

      The Introduction and Discussion describe a black bean–licorice–biotae supplement studied for hair and scalp conditions, with some discussion of antioxidant capacity. Searches for licoricidin, UV-A photoaging, and ROS scavenging found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed effect or mechanism. No page numbers were available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    The combination of piroctone, olamine, and licochalcone A significantly reduced Malassezia colony-forming units after treatment with the anti-dandruff shampoo.

    “Moreover, the anti-fungal activity of test products was detected, revealing a significant reduction of Malassezia colony-forming units after treatment with the anti-dandruff shampoo.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [89] Schweiger, 2013, Highly efficient rinse-off/leave-on scalp care treatments to reduce moderate to severe dandruff, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Natural remedies are often more tolerable and related to minor side effects than synthetic ones.

    “Natural remedies are often more tolerable and related to minor side effects than synthetic ones [91,92].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [91] Keshri, 2020, Antiacne synergistic herbal face wash: Formulation and evaluation, World J. Pharm. Res.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [92] Nakyai, W., Pabuprapap, W., Sroimee, W., Ajavakom, V., Yingyongnarongkul, B.-e., and Suksamrarn, A. (2021). Anti-Acne Vulgaris Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Mesua ferrea L. Flowers. Cosmetics, 8. source

      The Introduction says continued use of chemical-based acne agents can cause side effects and presents natural products as alternatives in the search for agents with fewer side effects. It does not establish that natural remedies are generally better tolerated or cause only minor side effects. Section 3.4 also says the extract's safety and skin irritation require further study. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    G. glabra extract obtained by green ultrasound-assisted extraction with glycerol/water mixtures has good anti-oxidant activity, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activity, and anti-inflammatory activity, leading to anti-aging properties.

    “Moreover, Ciganovic et al. highlighted for G. glabra extract, obtained by a green ultrasoundassisted extraction method using glycerol/water mixtures, a good anti-oxidant activity, tyrosinase, and elastase inhibitory activity as well as anti-inflammatory activity, leading to excellent anti-aging properties [58].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Ciganovic, P., Jakimiuk, K., Tomczyk, M., and Koncic, M.Z. (2019). Glycerolic licorice extracts as active cosmeceutical ingredients: Extraction optimization, chemical characterization, and biological activity. Antioxidants, 8. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Several investigations have been carried out on G. glabra and G. uralensis, but very few reports account for G. inflata.

    “In this review it is evident that several investigations were carried out on G. glabra and G. uralensis, but very few reports account for G. inflata.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oil-in-water herbal creams using Curcuma longa and G. glabra extracts were safe for skin and could be used as skin lightening and anti-oxidant agents.

    “The evaluation of formulations highlighted how they were safe to be used for the skin and could be used as skin lightening and anti-oxidant agents [50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Ishi, 2017, A research: Design, development and evaluation of herbal skin lightening cream, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Semilicoisoflavone B, allolicoisoflavone B, and glabridin have noticeable tyrosinase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 0.25, 0.80, and 0.10 μM, respectively.

    “Lin and coworkers reported semilicoisoflavone B, allolicoisoflavone B, and glabridin for their noticeable tyrosinase inhibitory activities with IC 50 of 0.25, 0.80, 0.10 µM, respectively [44].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Lin, 2017, Screening for bioactive natural products from a 67-compound library of Glycyrrhiza inflata, Bioorg. Med. Chem. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    More than 400 phytochemicals have been isolated from the genus Glycyrrhiza.

    “Thus far, more than 400 phytochemicals have been isolated from the genus Glycyrrhiza.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glabridin inhibited tyrosinase activity in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells at 0.1 to 1.0 μg/mL, without affecting DNA synthesis.

    “Glabridin inhibited tyrosinase activity in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells at 0.1 to 1.0 µg/mL, without affecting DNA synthesis [39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Zhu, 2008, The Use of Botanical Extracts as Topical Skin-Lightening Agents for the Improvement of Skin Pigmentation Disorders, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhiza glabra extract inhibited tyrosinase activity by 78.45% while kojic acid inhibited it by 99.67%.

    “The extract inhibited tyrosinase activity by 78.45% while kojic acid inhibited it by 99.67%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper that regulates the expression of melanogenic enzymes (tyrosinase, TYRP1, and TYRP2) and melanosome structural proteins (MART-1 and PMEL17).

    “MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper that regulates the expression of melanogenic enzymes (tyrosinase, TYRP1, and TYRP2) and melanosome structural proteins (MART-1 and PMEL17) [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Cheng, M., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Shen, S., Li, P., Yao, S., Qu, H., Li, J., Yao, C., and Wei, W. (2021). Recent advances in chemical analysis of licorice (Gan-Cao). Fitoterapia, 149. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Melanin, synthesized in melanocyte cells by the melanogenesis process, is responsible for the color of the skin.

    “Melanin, synthesized in melanocyte cells by the melanogenesis process, is responsible for the color of the skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    G. glabra did not show any disadvantages during tyrosinase inhibition, suggesting a possible use of licorice extract in cosmetic formulations.

    “Unfortunately, kojic acid has the disadvantage of being unstable during storage; G. glabra did not show any disadvantages during tyrosinase inhibition, suggesting a possible use of licorice extract in cosmetic formulations [10].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Vanitha, 2017, Isolation and characterisation of mushroom tyrosinase and screening of herbal extracts for anti tyrosinase activity, Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The water retention ability of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides was higher than that of glycerol solution, suggesting their potential use as a cosmetic moisturizing additive.

    “A preliminary study on the moisture retention of polysaccharides highlighted that their water retention ability was higher than that of glycerol solution, suggesting their potential use as a cosmetic moisturizing additive [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Simayi, 2021, Isolation, structural characterization, biological activity, and application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides: Systematic review, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A herbal face cream combining G. glabra with other herbal extracts showed multipurpose effects such as whitening, antiwrinkle, anti-aging, and sunscreen effect due to a synergistic effect between all the extracts.

    “A herbal face cream, in which G. glabra was combined with other herbal extracts, showed multipurpose effects such as whitening, antiwrinkle, anti-aging, and sunscreen effect, due to a synergistic effect between all the extracts [51].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Parashar, 2013, Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal face cream, Int. Pharm. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhizin is reported to be 30-50 times sweeter than sucrose.

    “As a sweetener, glycyrrhizin is reported to be 30-50 times sweeter than sucrose [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Masullo, 2017, Oleanane derivatives for pharmaceutical use: A patent review (2000–2016), Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Liquiritin probably did not affect tyrosinase; its depigmentation effect was caused by other mechanisms.

    “However, this study suggests that liquiritin probably did not affect tyrosinase, which caused depigmentation by other mechanisms [48].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Amer, 2000, Topical liquiritin improves melasma, Int. J. Dermatol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The effects of glabrene and isoliquiritigenin on tyrosinase activity were dose-dependent and correlated with their ability to inhibit melanin formation in melanocytes.

    “The effects of glabrene and isoliquiritigenin on tyrosinase activity were dose-dependent and correlated to their ability to inhibit melanin formation in melanocytes [42].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Nerya, 2003, Glabrene and isoliquiritigenin as tyrosinase inhibitors from licorice roots, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Flavonoids are the most representative class among natural phenolic compounds acting as tyrosinase inhibitors.

    “Flavonoids are the most representative class among natural phenolic compounds acting as tyrosinase inhibitors [35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Panzella, L., and Napolitano, A. (2019). Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances. Cosmetics, 6. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glabridin is a prenylated isoflavane deemed a typical compound in G. glabra, accounting for 11% of its total flavonoid content.

    “Chemically, glabridin is a prenylated isoflavane deemed a typical compound in G. glabra, accounting for 11% of its total flavonoid content [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Wang, 2020, A Comprehensive Review for Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Biosynthesis Studies on Glycyrrhiza spp., Am. J. Chin. Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Among the Glycyrrhiza spp., G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata are the most investigated species with nutritional and pharmacological benefits, used as Radix Glycyrrhizae (licorice).

    “Among the Glycyrrhiza spp., G. glabra L., G. uralensis Fisch., and G. inflata Bat. are the most investigated species with nutritional and pharmacological benefits, used as Radix Glycyrrhizae (licorice) [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Cheng, M., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Shen, S., Li, P., Yao, S., Qu, H., Li, J., Yao, C., and Wei, W. (2021). Recent advances in chemical analysis of licorice (Gan-Cao). Fitoterapia, 149. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glabridin inhibited tyrosinase activity in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells at 0.1 to 1.0 μg/mL without affecting DNA synthesis.

    “Glabridin inhibited tyrosinase activity in cultured B16 murine melanoma cells at 0.1 to 1.0 µg/mL, without affecting DNA synthesis [39].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Zhu, 2008, The Use of Botanical Extracts as Topical Skin-Lightening Agents for the Improvement of Skin Pigmentation Disorders, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The isoprenyl groups on the A and B rings make the flavonoid backbone more lipophilic, resulting in increased affinity with cell membrane structures and favorable biological activities.

    “The isoprenyl groups on the A and B rings make the flavonoid backbone more lipophilic, resulting in increased affinity with cell membrane structures and favorable biological activities (Figure 1) [11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Wang, 2020, A Comprehensive Review for Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Biosynthesis Studies on Glycyrrhiza spp., Am. J. Chin. Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Liquiritin is one of the most abundant flavonoids and is used as a quantitative chemical marker in the three official medicinal licorice species in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

    “Liquiritin is one of the most abundant flavonoids and is used as a quantitative chemical marker in the three official medicinal licorice species in Chinese Pharmacopoeia [5].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Cheng, M., Zhang, J., Yang, L., Shen, S., Li, P., Yao, S., Qu, H., Li, J., Yao, C., and Wei, W. (2021). Recent advances in chemical analysis of licorice (Gan-Cao). Fitoterapia, 149. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glabridin quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of tyrosinase mainly through a static quenching procedure, suggesting formation of a stable glabridin-tyrosinase complex.

    “It quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of tyrosinase mainly through a static quenching procedure, suggesting a generation of a stable glabridin-tyrosinase complex.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Zhu, 2008, The Use of Botanical Extracts as Topical Skin-Lightening Agents for the Improvement of Skin Pigmentation Disorders, J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    All features of glabridin smartPearls make it promising for skincare products with improved glabridin efficacy while simultaneously reducing production costs.

    “All the features of glabridin smartPearls make it promising for skincare products with improved glabridin efficacy by simultaneously reducing production costs [41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Hespeler, 2019, Glabridin smartPearls—Silica selection, production, amorphous stability and enhanced solubility, Int. J. Pharm. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhisoflavone, kaempferol, glyasperin C, and glyasperin D have skin-whitening properties.

    “In addition to the extracts, the skin-whitening properties were also reported for the bioactive compounds glycyrrhisoflavone, kaempferol, glyasperin C, and glyasperin D [52,53].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [52] Kim, 2005, Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Planta Med. source
    • cites [53] Ji, 2016, Bioactive Constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Licorice): Discovery of the Effective Components of a Traditional Herbal Medicine, J. Nat. Prod. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Licorice extract-based formulations may be of value in innovative dermal and cosmetic products because they counteract oxidative stress damage and maintain skin homeostasis due to their high antioxidant content.

    “Along with the effects on skin depigmentation, licorice extract-based formulations may be of value in innovative dermal and cosmetic products as they counteract oxidative stress damage, maintaining the skin homeostasis due to their high antioxidant content.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dehydroglyasperin C treatment decreases UV-B irradiation-mediated activation of MAPK, c-Jun phosphorylation, and c-fos expression.

    “Dehydroglyasperin C treatment also decreased the UV-B irradiation-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun phosphorylation, and c-fos expression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Xuan, 2017, The effect of dehydroglyasperin C on UVB-mediated MMPs expression in human HaCaT cells, Pharmacol. Rep. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licochalcones B and D are effective in protecting biological systems against oxidative stress, being able to inhibit skin damage.

    “These phenolic compounds appeared to be effective in protecting biological systems against oxidative stress, being able to inhibit skin damage [78,79].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [78] Haraguchi, 1998, Antioxidative and superoxide scavenging activities of retrochalcones in Glycyrrhiza inflata, Bioorg. Med. Chem. source
    • cites [79] Biondi, 2003, New dihydrostilbene derivatives from the leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra and evaluation of their antioxidant activity, J. Nat. Prod. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A moisturizing cream containing Beta-vulgaris (1%) and G. glabra (1%) extracts facilitated re-pigmentation by stimulating melanocytic proliferation and removing stubborn scars and wrinkles.

    “In addition, this cream facilitated re-pigmentation by stimulating melanocytic proliferation and removing stubborn scars and wrinkles [74].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Sharma, 2018, Formulation and evaluation of post laser herbal cream, Int. J. Green Pharm.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several anti-oxidants from plants are involved in reduced incidence of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging, and extracts can be considered for skin photoprotective effects.

    “Several anti-oxidants extracted from plants are involved in reduced incidence of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging, and, for these reasons, the relative extracts can be considered for their skin photoprotective effects [63].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Afaq, 2003, Photochemoprevention of skin cancer by botanical agents, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dibenzoylmethane acts as a UV-A screen that prevents penetration of UV radiation into vital cells and blocks overproduction of ROS.

    “It acted as a UV-A screen that prevented the penetration of the UV radiation in the vital cells and blocked the overproduction of ROS.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Puri, 2017, Development and evaluation of topical microemulsion of dibenzoylmethane for treatment of UV induced photoaging, J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    G. uralensis extract can be used as a cosmetic ingredient with antiwrinkle and anti-oxidant effects.

    “Furthermore, the results suggested the use of G. uralensis extract as a cosmetic ingredient with antiwrinkle and anti-oxidant effects [55].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Ryu, 2011, α-Glucosidase inhibition and antihyperglycemic activity of prenylated xanthones from Garcinia mangostana, Phytochemistry source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV irradiation causes skin damage including immune suppression, cancer, tanning, sunburn, and photoaging (connective tissue degradation).

    “Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes several areas of damage to the skin.Together with immune suppression, cancer, tanning, and sunburn, it provokes injuries called photoaging, consisting of connective tissue degradation [62] (Figure 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Offord, 2002, Photoprotective potential of lycopene, β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts, Free Radical Biol. Med. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most effectors in skin photoaging are pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS, and MMP-1; their generation is controlled by NF-kappa B produced due to UV exposure.

    “Most effectors involved in skin photoaging are pro-inflammatory cytokines, ROS, and effector molecules like MMP-1.Their generation is controlled by NF-kappa B, produced due to UV exposition (Figure 4) [64].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Tanaka, 2005, Prevention of the ultraviolet B-mediated skin photoaging by a nuclear factor κB inhibitor, parthenolide, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licorice extract reduced the volume of the sebaceous gland and the thickness in the disease model.

    “The volume of the sebaceous gland and the thickness were significantly increased in the disease model compared to the control animals and resulted reduced by licorice extract.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Lakshmi, 2019, Pharmacological evaluation of liquorice for various dermatological disorders in mice, Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The anti-oxidant activity of G. glabra is one of the reasons for its uses in cosmetics and is connected with other activities like photoprotection.

    “The anti-oxidant activity of G. glabra is one of the reasons for its uses in cosmetics and generally is connected with other activities like photoprotection.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    G. glabra showed remarkable antibacterial activity against P. acnes with a negligible induction of resistance compared to marked development of resistance in bacteria treated with erythromycin.

    “G. glabra showed remarkable antibacterial activity against P. acnes with a negligible induction of resistance compared to marked development of resistance in bacteria treated with erythromycin [93].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Nam, 2003, Anti-acne effects of Oriental herb extracts: A novel screening method to select anti-acne agents, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    1,3-butylene glycol extract of G. uralensis reduced ROS production by inhibition of MMP-2 activity and increased collagen production.

    “Ryu et al. reported how 1,3-butylene glycol extract of G. uralensis reduced ROS production by inhibition of MMP-2 activity along with the consequent increase of collagen production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Ryu, 2011, α-Glucosidase inhibition and antihyperglycemic activity of prenylated xanthones from Garcinia mangostana, Phytochemistry source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Anti-androgenic activity was proposed as a mechanism of action connected with the anti-acne final effect of licorice.

    “although the anti-androgenic activity was proposed as a mechanism of action connected with the anti-acne final effect [98].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Sravani, 2017, Anti-acne activity of lipido-sterolic extract of serenoa repens and hydro-alcoholic extract of Gycyrrhiza glabra in Syrian hamster ear model, Indo Am. J. Pharm. Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licorice and glycyrrhizin need to be used with caution during pregnancy.

    “A recent review describes the toxicity effects of licorice and glycyrrhizin in acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic, and chronic states, highlighting their moderate toxicity and the need to be used with caution during pregnancy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105] Nazari, 2017, Toxicological Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Review, Phytother. Res. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licochalcones B and D show strong scavenging activity in the DPPH assay and ability to inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation.

    “Licochalcones B and D showed a strong scavenging activity in the DPPH assay and the ability to inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [78] Haraguchi, 1998, Antioxidative and superoxide scavenging activities of retrochalcones in Glycyrrhiza inflata, Bioorg. Med. Chem. source
    • cites [79] Biondi, 2003, New dihydrostilbene derivatives from the leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra and evaluation of their antioxidant activity, J. Nat. Prod. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A formulation with licochalcone A causes a highly noteworthy reduction in UV-induced erythema tests, resulting in powerful inhibition of pro-inflammatory in vitro reactions, including UV-B-induced PGE2 release by keratinocytes.

    “The formulation caused a highly noteworthy reduction in UV-induced erythema tests, resulting in a powerful inhibition of pro-inflammatory in vitro reactions, including UV-B-induced PGE2 release by keratinocytes [71].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Kolbe, 2006, Anti-inflammatory efficacy of Licochalcone A: Correlation of clinical potency and in vitro effects, Arch. Dermatol. Res. source
53 of 53

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Natural products contained in cosmetic formulations may significantly contribute to an improvement of cosmetics performance.

    “Natural products contained in cosmetic formulations may significantly contribute to an improvement of cosmetics performance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plants supply nutrients required for healthy skin, helping the biological functioning of the skin.

    “Plants supply nutrients required for healthy skin, helping the biological functioning of the skin.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The MAP kinase family regulates melanogenesis; phosphorylated p38 activates MITF promoting melanin synthesis, whereas phosphorylated ERK inhibits MITF activation.

    “The MAP kinase family also regulates melanogenesis; phosphorylated p38 can activate microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), promoting melanin synthesis, whereas phosphorylated ERK can inhibit the activation of MITF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Exposure of human skin to reactive oxygen species through factors including UV enhances matrix metalloproteinase activity associated with breakdown of collagen fibers.

    “Exposure of human skin to ROS (reactive oxygen species) through several factors, including UV, has been reported to enhance matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity associated with a notable breakdown of collagen fibers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UV-B irradiation induces oxidative stress and activates intracellular signal transduction pathways, and at high dosage causes cell death.

    “UV-B rays are the most dangerous, producing physiological responses connected with oxidative stress, resulting in cell death at high dosage.On the other hand, minor UV-B irradiation induces oxidative stress and activates intracellular signal transduction pathways.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The Cerulli et al. 42 paper level of evidence is low according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria.

    “As such, the level of evidence for the findings presented in this paper is low according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine criteria.”

    From Cosmeceuticals in photoaging: A review. (2024) · cites this paper as [42]

    The Conclusions section calls for further investigation of licorice constituents, but does not assign the paper a level of evidence. Searches for the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria and evidence grading found no passage in our copy making that assessment; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • G. uralensis antiwrinkle claim cites a Garcinia study

    Minor

    The cited Ryu et al. reference is titled as a study of Garcinia mangostana and α-glucosidase inhibition, not G. uralensis extract and wrinkles.

  • Aging is associated with both thinning and thickening of the epidermis

    Minor

    One section attributes aging and wrinkles to a thinning epidermal layer; another associates aging-related wrinkles with a thickened epidermis.

  • Polysaccharide source differs from the cited reference

    Minor

    The text describes polysaccharides from three varieties of G. glabra, but the cited reference's title describes seeds from three Glycyrrhiza species.

  • Opposite effects on MITF downregulation

    Minor

    The text says dehydroglyasperin C reduced the downregulation of MITF, whereas the cited study's title says its anti-melanogenesis effect occurs through MITF downregulation.

  • Licoricidin photoaging claim cites a hair-supplement study

    Minor

    The licoricidin photoaging claim cites reference 68, whose title instead identifies a study of a supplement for women's hair and scalp conditions. The same reference is used for a hair-care claim elsewhere in the text.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 15

  1. Vanitha, 2017, Isolation and characterisation of mushroom tyrosinase and screening of herbal extracts for anti tyrosinase activity, Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 10, 1156
  2. Pandey, 2020, Comparative pharmacognostical & phytochemical study of Chakramard seed & Gomutra bhavit Chakramard seed, Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci., 7, 401
  3. Vijayalakshmi, 2015, Evaluation of different methods for the extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots, World J. Pharm. Res., 4, 1524
  4. Kirubakaran, 2017, Design and development of emulsion-based clear complexion skin whitening cream using Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) root extract and Vateria indica (white dammar) bark extract by skin melanin inhibitory pathway, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 8, 1210
  5. Ishi, 2017, A research: Design, development and evaluation of herbal skin lightening cream, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 6, 992
  6. Sharma, 2018, Formulation and evaluation of post laser herbal cream, Int. J. Green Pharm., 12, 90
  7. Bhide, 2016, Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal cosmetic cream, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 5, 1527
  8. Shivakant, 2020, Hair care: From natural ingredients, Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci., 7, 401
  9. Keshri, 2020, Antiacne synergistic herbal face wash: Formulation and evaluation, World J. Pharm. Res., 9, 1899
  10. Sravani, 2017, Anti-acne activity of lipido-sterolic extract of serenoa repens and hydro-alcoholic extract of Gycyrrhiza glabra in Syrian hamster ear model, Indo Am. J. Pharm. Sci., 4, 2641
  11. Lakshmi, 2019, Pharmacological evaluation of liquorice for various dermatological disorders in mice, Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., 9, 1253
  12. Rekha, 2017, In vitro study on the anti—Acne property of ayurvedic soap and body wash, World J. Pharm. Res., 6, 865
  13. Koli, 2016, Formulation & evaluation of herbal anti-acne face wash, World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 5, 2001
  14. Wagh, 2015, Preparation and evaluation of marigold, liquorice and corange peel extract containing herbal face wash, World J. Pharm. Res., 4, 1808
  15. Shivatare, 2020, Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties of polyherbal formulation in acne treatment, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 62, 73

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cerulli, A., Masullo, M., Montoro, P., & Piacente, S.
Affiliations
University of Salerno (IT)
Corresponding author
Piacente, Sonia
ORCID
Venue
Cosmetics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-01-05
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
7
ISSN
2079-9284 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cosmetics9010007
OpenAlex
W4206361250
Cited by
83
References
90
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6
FWCI
12.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cosmetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacological Effects of Natural Compounds
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Keywords
licorice, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glycyrrhiza inflata, cosmeceuticals, skin lightening, anti-aging, photoprotection, hair care, anti-acne, flavonoids, licochalcone A, glabridin, secondary metabolites

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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