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The Role of Small Lowland Patches of Exotic Forests as Refuges of Rare Endemic Azorean Arthropods

Tsafack, Noelline, Fattorini, Simone, Boieiro, Mário, Rigal, François, Ros-Prieto, Alejandra, Ferreira, Maria Teresa, Borges, Paulo A. V.·2021·Diversity
DOI 10.3390/d13090443
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Abstract

Islands have been disproportionately affected by the current biodiversity crisis. In island biotas, one of the most recurrent anthropic alterations is species introduction. Invasion of exotic species may represent a major threat for island biotas, because invasive species may change species composition and simplify community dynamics. We investigated diversity patterns of native and introduced species in native and exotic forests of Terceira Island (Azores, Portugal) by using diversity profiles based on Hill numbers. Use of diversity profiles allows for a complete characterization of the community diversity because they combine information on species richness, rarity, and dominance. We found that native forest remnants are crucial for the maintenance of endemic Azorean arthropod diversity. However, we also found that some lowland patches of exotic forests can sustain populations of rare endemic species. Our findings reinforce the importance of the few and small remnants of native forests, which are a pillar to the conservation of Azorean endemic arthropods. However, areas occupied by exotic forests, whether they are large and contiguous or small and isolated, close to native forests, or embedded in a matrix of agriculture activities, can also play a role in the conservation of native species, including endemics.

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Figure 3 Alpha diversity in native non-endemic species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method. Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001. Figure 3. Alpha diversity in native non-endemic species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method. Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001.
Figure 3 Alpha diversity in native non-endemic species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method. Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001. Figure 3. Alpha diversity in native non-endemic species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method. Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Alpha diversity of four introduced species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001. Figure 4. Alpha diversity of four introduced species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001.
Figure 4 Alpha diversity of four introduced species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001. Figure 4. Alpha diversity of four introduced species communities for the four taxonomic groups (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated for each sampling sites selected in native and exotic forests of Terceira. Alpha diversity was expressed using Hill numbers corresponding to Chao's species richness (Species Richness), exponential Shannon diversity (Shannon Diversity), and Simpson diversity (Simpson Diversity) with interpolation-extrapolation method Differences were assessed using a Kruskal Wallis test and asterisks represent significant differences with (*) p < 0.05 and (**) p < 0.001.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 β-diversity values of four arthropods communities (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated between native and exotic forests ( A ), between sites in native forests ( B ), and between sites in exotic forests ( C ). Beta diversity was calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), Figure 5. β -diversity values of four arthropods communities (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated between native and exotic forests ( A ), between sites in native forests ( B ), and between sites in exotic forests ( C ). Beta diversity was calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), and non-native introduced (INT) species. The total height represents the overall β -diversity. Overall β -diversity is partitioned into replacement (repl. in grey) and species richness (rich in green) components.
Figure 5 β-diversity values of four arthropods communities (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated between native and exotic forests ( A ), between sites in native forests ( B ), and between sites in exotic forests ( C ). Beta diversity was calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), Figure 5. β -diversity values of four arthropods communities (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column) calculated between native and exotic forests ( A ), between sites in native forests ( B ), and between sites in exotic forests ( C ). Beta diversity was calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), and non-native introduced (INT) species. The total height represents the overall β -diversity. Overall β -diversity is partitioned into replacement (repl. in grey) and species richness (rich in green) components.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Local contribution to β-diversity (LCBD). Relative contribution of native forest sites ( A ) and exotic forest sites ( B ) for the four taxonomic orders (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column). LCBD calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), and non-native introduced (INT) species. Figure 6. Local contribution to β -diversity (LCBD). Relative contribution of native forest sites ( A ) and exotic forest sites ( B ) for the four taxonomic orders (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column). LCBD calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), and non-native introduced (INT) species.
Figure 6 Local contribution to β-diversity (LCBD). Relative contribution of native forest sites ( A ) and exotic forest sites ( B ) for the four taxonomic orders (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column). LCBD calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), and non-native introduced (INT) species. Figure 6. Local contribution to β -diversity (LCBD). Relative contribution of native forest sites ( A ) and exotic forest sites ( B ) for the four taxonomic orders (Araneae, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Psocoptera, respectively, first to fourth column). LCBD calculated separately for endemic (END), native non-endemic (NAT), and non-native introduced (INT) species.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Tsafack, N., Fattorini, S., Boieiro, M., Rigal, F., Ros-Prieto, A., Ferreira, M. T., & Borges, P. A. V.
Affiliations
  • cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal
  • Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
  • Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S, UMR 5254, BP, CEDEX, 64000 Pau, France
  • Project LIFE BEETLES (LIFE 18 NAT/PT/000864), Regional Secretariat of Environment and Climate Change, Rua do Galo n118, 9700-040 Angra do Heroismo, Azores, Portugal
ORCID
Venue
Diversity
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-09-16
Volume
13
Issue
9
Pages
443
ISSN
1424-2818
DOI
10.3390/d13090443
Cited by
27
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Alterações Climáticas (LIFE-BETTLES (LIFE18 NAT_PT_000864), LIFE IP AZORES NATURA (LIFE17 IPE/PT/000010))
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT-NETBIOME–ISLANDBIODIV grant 0003/2011, UID/BIA/00329/2013-2020-24)
  • FEDER (AZORESBIOPORTAL–PORBIOTA (ACORES-01-0145-FEDER-000072))

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Tsafack, N., Fattorini, S., Boieiro, M., Rigal, F., Ros-Prieto, A., Ferreira, M. T., & Borges, P. A. V. (2021). The Role of Small Lowland Patches of Exotic Forests as Refuges of Rare Endemic Azorean Arthropods. Diversity. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13090443

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