CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 202Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy TechniquesAnalytical Chemistry and SensorsAdvanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques

FRET Based Biosensor: Principle Applications Recent Advances and Challenges

Open access
Verma, Awadhesh Kumar, Noumani, Ashab, Yadav, Amit K., Solanki, Pratima R.·2023·Diagnostics
DOI 10.3390/diagnostics13081375PMC PMC10136898
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors are being fabricated for specific detection of biomolecules or changes in the microenvironment. FRET is a non-radiative transfer of energy from an excited donor fluorophore molecule to a nearby acceptor fluorophore molecule. In a FRET-based biosensor, the donor and acceptor molecules are typically fluorescent proteins or fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs) or small molecules that are engineered to be in close proximity to each other. When the biomolecule of interest is present, it can cause a change in the distance between the donor and acceptor, leading to a change in the efficiency of FRET and a corresponding change in the fluorescence intensity of the acceptor. This change in fluorescence can be used to detect and quantify the biomolecule of interest. FRET-based biosensors have a wide range of applications, including in the fields of biochemistry, cell biology, and drug discovery. This review article provides a substantial approach on the FRET-based biosensor, principle, applications such as point-of-need diagnosis, wearable, single molecular FRET (smFRET), hard water, ions, pH, tissue-based sensors, immunosensors, and aptasensor. Recent advances such as artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) are used for this type of sensor and challenges.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/diagnostics13081375

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • By using FRET probes, microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip can conduct assays in a short time, sending allele calls to central hubs or cloud-based dashboards.

    “By using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes, microfluids or lab-on-a-chip can conduct assays in a short time, sending allele calls to central hubs or cloud-based dashboards [155].”

    From Genetic Insights into the Economic Toll of Cell Line Misidentification: A Comprehensive Review (2026) · cites this paper as [155]

    Section 3.2 describes rapid point-of-need assays using microfluidic FRET biosensors. Section 4.2 says FRET biosensors could transmit data to a central hub or cloud-based platform, but it presents this as an IoT possibility, not as a demonstrated feature of the microfluidic assays. Neither passage says those assays produce or transmit allele calls. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 155

  1. [1]Naresh V. Lee N. A review on biosensors and recent development of nanostructured materials-enabled biosensors Sensors 2021 21 1109 10.3390/s21041109 33562639 PMC7915135 · DOI
  2. [2]Liu L. He F. Yu Y. Wang Y. Application of FRET Biosensors in Mechanobiology and Mechanopharmacological Screening Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020 8 595497 10.3389/fbioe.2020.595497 33240867 PMC7680962 · DOI
  3. [3]Schneider R. Lamien-Meda A. Auer H. Wiedermann-Schmidt U. Chiodini P.L. Walochnik J. Validation of a novel FRET real-time PCR assay for simultaneous quantitative detection and discrimination of human Plasmodium parasites PLoS ONE 2021 16 e0252887 10.1371/journal.pone.0252887 34086817 PMC8177637 · DOI
  4. [4]Zhu H. Zhang H. Xu Y. Laššáková S. Korabečná M. Neužil P. PCR past, present and future Biotechniques 2020 69 317 325 10.2144/btn-2020-0057 32815744 PMC7439763 · DOI
  5. [5]Didenko V. V DNA probes using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET): Designs and applications Biotechniques 2001 31 1106 1121 10.2144/01315rv02 11730017 PMC1941713 · DOI
  6. [6]Heid C.A. Stevens J. Livak K.J. Williams P.M. Real time quantitative PCR Genome Res. 1996 6 986 994 10.1101/gr.6.10.986 8908518 · DOI
  7. [7]Ahmad A.I. Ghasemi J.B. New FRET primers for quantitative real-time PCR Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007 387 2737 2743 10.1007/s00216-007-1123-4 17308892 · DOI
  8. [8]Nath-Chowdhury M. Sangaralingam M. Bastien P. Ravel C. Pratlong F. Mendez J. Libman M. Ndao M. Real-time PCR using FRET technology for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis species differentiation Parasites Vectors 2016 9 255 10.1186/s13071-016-1531-4 27141967 PMC4855858 · DOI
  9. [9]Corman V.M. Landt O. Kaiser M. Molenkamp R. Meijer A. Chu D.K. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR Eurosurveillance 2020 25 2000045 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045 31992387 PMC6988269 · DOI
  10. [10]Zhang Q. Yin B. Hao J. Ma L. Huang Y. Shao X. Li C. Chu Z. Yi C. Wong S.H.D. An AIEgen/graphene oxide nanocomposite (AIEgen@ GO)-based two-stage “turn-on” nucleic acid biosensor for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral sequence Aggregate 2022 4 e195 10.1002/agt2.195 PMC9073974 35539693 · DOI
  11. [11]Rudkouskaya A. Sinsuebphon N. Ochoa M. Chen S.J. Mazurkiewicz J.E. Intes X. Barroso M. Multiplexed non-invasive tumor imaging of glucose metabolism and receptor-ligand engagement using dark quencher FRET acceptor Theranostics 2020 10 10309 10325 10.7150/thno.45825 32929350 PMC7481426 · DOI
  12. [12]Szalai A.M. Siarry B. Lukin J. Giusti S. Unsain N. Cáceres A. Steiner F. Tinnefeld P. Refojo D. Jovin T.M. Super-resolution imaging of energy transfer by intensity-based STED-FRET Nano Lett. 2021 21 2296 2303 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00158 33621102 · DOI
  13. [13]Verma A.K. Ansari Z.A. Fluorescent ZnO quantum dot probe to study glucose–glucose oxidase interaction via fluorescence resonance energy transfer Sens. Lett. 2020 18 351 365 10.1166/sl.2020.4232 · DOI
  14. [14]Rasnik I. McKinney S.A. Ha T. Surfaces and orientations: Much to FRET about? Acc. Chem. Res. 2005 38 542 548 10.1021/ar040138c 16028888 · DOI
  15. [15]Calleja V. Ameer-Beg S.M. Vojnovic B. Woscholski R. Downward J. Larijani B. Monitoring Conformational Changes of Proteins in Cells by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 2003 Available online: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3283/c250bdfbcaf051d8f3e1c8a26f5a5a2a3fee.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2018) PMC1223389 12662152
  16. [16]Sielaff H. Singh D. Grüber G. Börsch M. Analyzing Conformational Changes in Single FRET-Labeled A1 Parts of Archaeal A1AO-ATP Synthase Available online: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1801/1801.04692.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2018)
  17. [17]Truong K. The use of FRET imaging microscopy to detect protein–protein interactions and protein conformational changes in vivo Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 2001 11 573 578 10.1016/S0959-440X(00)00249-9 11785758 · DOI
  18. [18]Miranda J.G. Weaver A.L. Qin Y. Park J.G. Stoddard C.I. Lin M. Palmer A.E. New Alternately Colored FRET Sensors for Simultaneous Monitoring of Zn2+ in Multiple Cellular Locations PLoS ONE 2012 7 e49371 10.1371/journal.pone.0049371 23173058 PMC3500285 · DOI
  19. [19]Corradi G.R. Adamo H.P. Intra-molecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fused autofluorescent proteins reveals rearrangements of the N- and C-terminal segments of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump involved in the activation J. Biol. Chem. 2007 282 35440 35448 10.1074/jbc.M703377200 17901055 · DOI
  20. [20]Baruch A. A Jeffery D. Bogyo M. Enzyme activity—It’s all about image Trends Cell Biol. 2004 14 29 35 10.1016/j.tcb.2003.11.002 14729178 · DOI
  21. [21]Andrews D.L. Bradshaw D.S. Dinshaw R. Scholes G.D. Resonance Energy Transfer Photonics Sci. Found. Technol. Appl. 2015 4 101 127 10.1002/9781119011804.ch3 · DOI
  22. [22]Van Der Meer B.W. Resonance Energy Transfer: Theory and Data Van Der Meer B.W. Coker G. III Simon Chen S.Y. Wiley Hoboken, NJ, USA 1994 Available online: https://www.amazon.com/Resonance-Energy-Transfer-Theory-Data/dp/0471185892 (accessed on 5 December 2017)
  23. [24]Andrews D.L. Bradshaw D.S. Virtual photons, dipole fields and energy transfer: A quantum electrodynamical approach Eur. J. Phys. 2004 25 845 858 10.1088/0143-0807/25/6/017 · DOI
  24. [25]Van Munster E.B. Kremers G.J. Adjobo-Hermans M.J.W. Gadella T. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement by gradual acceptor photobleaching J. Microsc. 2005 218 253 262 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2005.01483.x 15958019 · DOI
  25. [26]Cano-Raya C. Fernández-Ramos M.D. Capitán-Vallvey L.F. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer disposable sensor for copper(II) Anal. Chim. Acta 2006 555 299 307 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.011 · DOI
  26. [27]Sekar R.B. Periasamy A. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy imaging of live cell protein localizations J. Cell Biol. 2003 160 629 633 10.1083/jcb.200210140 12615908 PMC2173363 · DOI · Paper page
  27. [28]Lakowicz J.R. Introduction to Fluorescence Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 3rd ed. Springer Boston, MA, USA 2006 1 26
  28. [29]Lakowicz J.R. Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 3rd ed. Springer Boston, MA, USA 2006 Available online: http://nathan.instras.com/MyDocsDB/doc-800.pdf (accessed on 27 November 2018)
  29. [30]Stryer L. Fluorescence Energy Transfer as a Spectroscopic Ruler Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1978 47 819 846 10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.004131 354506 · DOI
  30. [31]Chirio-Lebrun M.-C. Prats M. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET): Theory and experiments Biochem. Educ. 1998 26 320 323 10.1016/S0307-4412(98)80010-1 · DOI
  31. [32]Selvin P.R. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer Methods Enzymol. 1995 246 300 334 10.1016/0076-6879(95)46015-2 7752929 · DOI
  32. [33]Andrews D.L. A unified theory of radiative and radiationless molecular energy transfer Chem. Phys. 1989 135 195 201 10.1016/0301-0104(89)87019-3 · DOI
  33. [34]Schobel U. Egelhaaf H.-J. Brecht A. Oelkrug D. Gauglitz G. New Donor−Acceptor Pair for Fluorescent Immunoassays by Energy Transfer Bioconjugate Chem. 1999 10 1107 1114 10.1021/bc990073b 10563781 · DOI
  34. [35]Rowland C.E. Brown C.W. Medintz I.L. Delehanty J.B. Intracellular FRET-based probes: A review Methods Appl. Fluoresc. 2015 3 042006 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/042006 29148511 · DOI
  35. [36]Nagai T. Ibata K. Park E.S. Kubota M. Mikoshiba K. Miyawaki A. A variant of yellow fluorescent protein with fast and efficient maturation for cell-biological applications Nat. Biotechnol. 2002 20 87 90 10.1038/nbt0102-87 11753368 · DOI
  36. [37]Brown C.T. Olm M.R. Thomas B.C. Banfield J.F. Measurement of bacterial replication rates in microbial communities Nat. Biotechnol. 2016 34 1256 1263 10.1038/nbt.3704 27819664 PMC5538567 · DOI
  37. [38]Sato M. Ozawa T. Inukai K. Asano T. Umezawa Y. Fluorescent indicators for imaging protein phosphorylation in single living cells Nat. Biotechnol. 2002 20 287 294 10.1038/nbt0302-287 11875431 · DOI
  38. [39]Gao X. Yang L. Petros J.A. Marshall F.F. Simons J.W. Nie S. In vivo molecular and cellular imaging with quantum dots Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2005 16 63 72 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.11.003 15722017 · DOI
  39. [40]Szöllosi J. Damjanovich S. Mátyus J. Application of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in the Clinical Laboratory: Routine and Research Cytometry 1998 34 159 179 9725457
  40. [41]Zhang Y. Zhang H. Hollins J. Webb M.E. Zhou D. Small-molecule ligands strongly affect the Förster resonance energy transfer between a quantum dot and a fluorescent protein Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011 13 19427 19436 10.1039/c1cp22024a 21971088 · DOI
  41. [42]Resch-Genger U. Grabolle M. Cavaliere-Jaricot S. Nitschke R. Nann T. Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels Nat. Methods 2008 5 763 775 10.1038/nmeth.1248 18756197 · DOI
  42. [43]Bajar B.T. Wang E.S. Zhang S. Lin M.Z. Chu J. A guide to fluorescent protein FRET pairs Sensors 2016 16 1488 10.3390/s16091488 27649177 PMC5038762 · DOI
  43. [44]Day R.N. Davidson M.W. Imaging probes for microscopy Fluorescent proteins for FRET microscopy: Monitoring protein interactions in living cells Bioessays 2012 34 341 350 10.1002/bies.201100098 22396229 PMC3517158 · DOI
  44. [45]Piston D.W. Kremers G.-J. Fluorescent protein FRET: The good, the bad and the ugly Trends Biochem. Sci. 2007 32 407 414 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.08.003 17764955 · DOI
  45. [46]Bhuckory S. Lahtinen S. Hoysniemi N. Guo J. Qiu X. Soukka T. Hildebrandt N. Understanding FRET in Upconversion Nanoparticle Nucleic Acid Biosensors Nano Lett. 2023 23 2253 2261 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04899 36729707 · DOI
  46. [47]Ouyang N. Hong L. Zhou Y. Zhang J. Shafi S. Pan J. Zhao R. Yang Y. Hou W. Application of fluorescent nano-biosensor for the detection of cancer bio-macromolecular markers Polym. Test. 2022 115 107746 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2022.107746 · DOI
  47. [48]Hutchins B.M. Morgan T.T. Ucak-Astarlioglu M.G. Williams M.E. Optical Properties of Fluorescent Mixtures: Comparing Quantum Dots to Organic Dyes J. Chem. Educ. 2007 84 1301 10.1021/ed084p1301 · DOI
  48. [49]Dong H. Gao W. Yan F. Ji H. Ju H. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between quantum dots and graphene oxide for sensing biomolecules Anal. Chem. 2010 82 5511 5517 10.1021/ac100852z 20524633 · DOI
  49. [50]Jensen E.C. Use of Fluorescent Probes: Their Effect on Cell Biology and Limitations Anat. Rec. 2012 295 2031 2036 10.1002/ar.22602 23060362 · DOI
  50. [51]Li Z.-H. Peng J. Chen H.-L. Bioconjugated Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Probes for Biomedical Imaging J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2011 11 7521 7536 10.1166/jnn.2011.5122 22097457 · DOI
  51. [52]Rosenthal S.J. Chang J.C. Kovtun O. McBride J. Tomlinson I.D. Biocompatible Quantum Dots for Biological Applications Chem. Biol. 2011 18 10 24 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.11.013 21276935 PMC3752999 · DOI
  52. [53]Chan W.C. Nie S. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection Science 1998 281 2016 2018 10.1126/science.281.5385.2016 9748158 · DOI
  53. [54]Ballou B. Lagerholm B.C. Ernst L.A. Bruchez M.P. Waggoner A.S. Noninvasive Imaging of Quantum Dots in Mice Bioconjugate Chem. 2004 15 79 86 10.1021/bc034153y 14733586 · DOI
  54. [55]Alivisatos P. The use of nanocrystals in biological detection Nat. Biotechnol. 2004 22 47 52 10.1038/nbt927 14704706 · DOI
  55. [56]Mattoussi H. Mauro J.M. Goldman E.R. Anderson G.P. Sundar V.C. Mikulec F.V. Bawendi M.G. Self-Assembly of CdSe−ZnS Quantum Dot Bioconjugates Using an Engineered Recombinant Protein J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000 122 12142 12150 10.1021/ja002535y · DOI
  56. [57]Kim G.B. Kim Y.-P. Analysis of protease activity using quantum dots and resonance energy transfer Theranostics 2012 2 127 138 10.7150/thno.3476 22375154 PMC3287427 · DOI
  57. [58]Hardman R. A toxicologic review of quantum dots: Toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors Environ. Health Perspect. 2006 114 165 172 10.1289/ehp.8284 16451849 PMC1367826 · DOI
  58. [60]Zheng A.-X. Wang J.-R. Li J. Song X.-R. Chen G.-N. Yang H.-H. Enzyme-free fluorescence aptasensor for amplification detection of human thrombin via target-catalyzed hairpin assembly Biosens. Bioelectron. 2012 36 217 221 10.1016/j.bios.2012.04.019 22560106 · DOI
  59. [61]Erickson M.G. Alseikhan B.A. Peterson B.Z. Yue D.T. Preassociation of calmodulin with voltage-gated Ca2+ channels revealed by FRET in single living cells Neuron 2001 31 973 985 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00438-X 11580897 · DOI
  60. [62]Ruckh T.T. Clark H.A. Implantable nanosensors: Toward continuous physiologic monitoring Anal. Chem. 2014 86 1314 1323 10.1021/ac402688k 24325255 PMC4106471 · DOI
  61. [63]Chen L. Tian X. Li Y. Yang C. Huang Y. Nie Y. Rapid and sensitive screening of multiple polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a reusable fluorescent sensor array J. Hazard. Mater. 2022 424 127694 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127694 34785436 · DOI
  62. [64]Mei J. Hong Y. Lam J.W.Y. Qin A. Tang Y. Tang B.Z. Aggregation-induced emission: The whole is more brilliant than the parts Adv. Mater. 2014 26 5429 5479 10.1002/adma.201401356 24975272 · DOI
  63. [66]Kang M. Kwok R.T.K. Wang J. Zhang H. Lam J.W.Y. Li Y. Zhang P. Zou H. Gu X. Li F. A multifunctional luminogen with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for selective imaging and photodynamic killing of both cancer cells and Gram-positive bacteria J. Mater. Chem. B 2018 6 3894 3903 10.1039/C8TB00572A 32254317 · DOI
  64. [67]Gong G. Wu H. Zhang T. Wang Z. Li X. Xie Y. Aggregation-enhanced emission in tetraphenylpyrazine-based luminogens: Theoretical modulation and experimental validation Mater. Chem. Front. 2021 5 5012 5023 10.1039/D1QM00313E · DOI
  65. [68]Kraynov V.S. Localized Rac Activation Dynamics Visualized in Living Cells Science 2000 290 333 337 10.1126/science.290.5490.333 11030651 · DOI
  66. [69]Pickup J.C. Hussain F. Evans N.D. Rolinski O.J. Birch D.J. Fluorescence-based glucose sensors Biosens. Bioelectron. 2005 20 2555 2565 10.1016/j.bios.2004.10.002 15854825 · DOI · Paper page
  67. [70]Zadran S. Standley S. Wong K. Otiniano E. Amighi A. Baudry M. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors: Visualizing cellular dynamics and bioenergetics Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012 96 895 902 10.1007/s00253-012-4449-6 23053099 · DOI
  68. [71]Wu Y. Jiang T. Developments in FRET- and BRET-Based Biosensors Micormachines 2022 13 1789 10.3390/mi13101789 PMC9610962 36296141 · DOI
  69. [72]Kudlacek O. Gsandtner I. Ibrišimović E. Nanoff C. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors BMC Pharmacol. 2008 8 A44 10.1186/1471-2210-8-S1-A44 · DOI
  70. [73]Prabakaran G. Velmurugan K. David C.I. Nandhakumar R. Role of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Sensing Appl. Sci. 2022 12 6844 10.3390/app12146844 · DOI
  71. [74]Pham H. Hoseini Soflaee M. Karginov A.V. Miller L.W. Förster resonance energy transfer biosensors for fluorescence and time-gated luminescence analysis of rac1 activity Sci. Rep. 2022 12 5291 10.1038/s41598-022-09364-w 35351946 PMC8964680 · DOI
  72. [75]Park D.H. Choi M.Y. Choi J.H. Recent Development in Plasmonic Nanobiosensors for Viral DNA/RNA Biomarkers Biosensors 2022 12 1121 10.3390/bios12121121 36551088 PMC9776357 · DOI
  73. [76]Zhang Y. Wu H. Wang H. Yin B. Wong S.H.D. Zhang A.P. Tam H.-Y. Ultraminiature optical fiber-tip directly-printed plasmonic biosensors for label-free biodetection Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022 218 114761 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114761 36209530 PMC9527225 · DOI
  74. [77]Lakard S. Pavel I.-A. Lakard B. Electrochemical biosensing of dopamine neurotransmitter: A review Biosensors 2021 11 179 10.3390/bios11060179 34204902 PMC8229248 · DOI
  75. [78]Messina M.S. Quargnali G. Chang C.J. Activity-Based Sensing for Chemistry-Enabled Biology: Illuminating Principles, Probes, and Prospects for Boronate Reagents for Studying Hydrogen Peroxide ACS Bio. Med. Chem. Au 2022 2 548 564 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00052 36573097 PMC9782337 · DOI
  76. [79]Wu L. Huang C. Emery B.P. Sedgwick A.C. Bull S.D. He X.-P. Tian H. Yoon J. Sessler J.L. James T.D. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based small-molecule sensors and imaging agents Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020 49 5110 5139 10.1039/C9CS00318E 32697225 PMC7408345 · DOI
  77. [80]LaCroix A.S. Rothenberg K.E. Berginski M.E. Urs A.N. Hoffman B.D. Construction, imaging, and analysis of FRET-based tension sensors in living cells Methods in Cell Biology Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2015 Volume 125 161 186 0091-679X PMC4511473 25640429
  78. [81]Rizzo M.A. Springer G.H. Granada B. Piston D.W. An improved cyan fluorescent protein variant useful for FRET Nat. Biotechnol. 2004 22 445 449 10.1038/nbt945 14990965 · DOI
  79. [82]Zhang J. Campbell R.E. Ting A.Y. Tsien R.Y. Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2002 3 906 918 10.1038/nrm976 12461557 · DOI
  80. [83]Chung C.Y.-S. Posimo J.M. Lee S. Tsang T. Davis J.M. Brady D.C. Chang C.J. Activity-based ratiometric FRET probe reveals oncogene-driven changes in labile copper pools induced by altered glutathione metabolism Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019 116 18285 18294 10.1073/pnas.1904610116 31451653 PMC6744846 · DOI
  81. [84]Jia X. Chen Q. Yang Y. Tang Y. Wang R. Xu Y. Zhu W. Qian X. FRET-based mito-specific fluorescent probe for ratiometric detection and imaging of endogenous peroxynitrite: Dyad of Cy3 and Cy5 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016 138 10778 10781 10.1021/jacs.6b06398 27517310 · DOI
  82. [85]Li D.-P. Wang Z.-Y. Cao X.-J. Cui J. Wang X. Cui H.-Z. Miao J.-Y. Zhao B.-X. A mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe for ratiometric detection of endogenous sulfur dioxide derivatives in cancer cells Chem. Commun. 2016 52 2760 2763 10.1039/C5CC09092J 26757700 · DOI
  83. [86]Yang X. Zhou Y. Zhang X. Yang S. Chen Y. Guo J. Li X. Qing Z. Yang R. A TP-FRET-based two-photon fluorescent probe for ratiometric visualization of endogenous sulfur dioxide derivatives in mitochondria of living cells and tissues Chem. Commun. 2016 52 10289 10292 10.1039/C6CC05254A 27469474 · DOI
  84. [87]Goldsmith S.J. Radioimmunoassay: Review of basic principles Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1975 Volume 5 125 152 164695
  85. [88]Wang X. Cohen L. Wang J. Walt D.R. Competitive Immunoassays for the Detection of Small Molecules Using Single Molecule Arrays J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018 140 18132 18139 10.1021/jacs.8b11185 30495929 · DOI
  86. [89]Li Y.-F. Sun Y.-M. Beier R.C. Lei H.-T. Gee S. Hammock B.D. Wang H. Wang Z. Sun X. Shen Y.-D. Immunochemical techniques for multianalyte analysis of chemical residues in food and the environment: A review TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2017 88 25 40 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.010 · DOI
  87. [90]Shankaran D.R. Gobi K.V. Miura N. Recent advancements in surface plasmon resonance immunosensors for detection of small molecules of biomedical, food and environmental interest Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2007 121 158 177 10.1016/j.snb.2006.09.014 · DOI
  88. [91]Hoelder S. Clarke P.A. Workman P. Discovery of small molecule cancer drugs: Successes, challenges and opportunities Mol. Oncol. 2012 6 155 176 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.02.004 22440008 PMC3476506 · DOI
  89. [92]Rossetti M. Ippodrino R. Marini B. Palleschi G. Porchetta A. Antibody-mediated small molecule detection using programmable DNA-switches Anal. Chem. 2018 90 8196 8201 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01584 29874046 · DOI
  90. [93]Brandhorst G. Oellerich M. Maine G. Taylor P. Veen G. Wallemacq P. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry or automated immunoassays: What are the future trends in therapeutic drug monitoring? Clin. Chem. 2012 58 821 825 10.1373/clinchem.2011.167189 22252324 · DOI
  91. [94]Moldoveanu S.C. Solutions and challenges in sample preparation for chromatography J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2004 42 1 14 10.1093/chromsci/42.1.1 14965409 · DOI
  92. [95]Fu X. Chen L. Choo J. Optical nanoprobes for ultrasensitive immunoassay Anal. Chem. 2017 89 124 137 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02251 28105817 · DOI
  93. [96]Lequin R.M. Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)/enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Clin. Chem. 2005 51 2415 2418 10.1373/clinchem.2005.051532 16179424 · DOI
  94. [97]Tian Y. Su F. Weber W. Nandakumar V. Shumway B.R. Jin Y. Zhou X. Holl M.R. Johnson R.H. Meldrum D.R. A series of naphthalimide derivatives as intra and extracellular pH sensors Biomaterials 2010 31 7411 7422 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.023 20619451 PMC2940253 · DOI
  95. [98]Mohsin M. Diwan H. Khan I. Ahmad A. Genetically encoded FRET-based nanosensor for in vivo monitoring of zinc concentration in physiological environment of living cell Biochem. Eng. J. 2015 102 62 68 10.1016/j.bej.2015.03.012 · DOI
  96. [99]Zhang X. Xiao Y. Qian X. A ratiometric fluorescent probe based on FRET for imaging Hg2+ ions in living cells Angew. Chem. 2008 120 8145 8149 10.1002/ange.200803246 18792904 · DOI
  97. [100]Aich K. Goswami S. Das S. Mukhopadhyay C.D. Quah C.K. Fun H.-K. Cd2+ triggered the FRET “ON”: A new molecular switch for the ratiometric detection of Cd2+ with live-cell imaging and bound X-ray structure Inorg. Chem. 2015 54 7309 7315 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00784 26192906 · DOI
  98. [101]Zhang X. Hu Y. Yang X. Tang Y. Han S. Kang A. Deng H. Chi Y. Zhu D. Lu Y. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensors for biological applications Biosens. Bioelectron. 2019 138 111314 10.1016/j.bios.2019.05.019 31096114 · DOI
  99. [102]Aydin M. Aydin E.B. Sezgintürk M.K. Advances in immunosensor technology Adv. Clin. Chem. 2021 102 1 62 34044908
  100. [103]Kumar M. Guo Y. Zhang P. Highly sensitive and selective oligonucleotide sensor for sickle cell disease gene using photon upconverting nanoparticles Biosens. Bioelectron. 2009 24 1522 1526 10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.023 18823772 PMC2753611 · DOI
  101. [104]Wang P. Joshi P. Alazemi A. Zhang P. Upconversion nanoparticle-based ligase-assisted method for specific and sensitive detection of T790M mutation in epidermal growth factor receptor Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014 62 120 126 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.037 24995386 · DOI
  102. [105]He L. Wu X. Meylan F. Olson D.P. Simone J. Hewgill D. Siegel R. Lipsky P.E. Monitoring caspase activity in living cells using fluorescent proteins and flow cytometry Am. J. Pathol. 2004 164 1901 1913 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63751-0 15161627 PMC1615789 · DOI
  103. [106]Haab B.B. Methods and applications of antibody microarrays in cancer research Proteomics 2003 3 2116 2122 10.1002/pmic.200300595 14595810 · DOI
  104. [107]Xu W. Xiong Y. Lai W. Xu Y. Li C. Xie M. A homogeneous immunosensor for AFB1 detection based on FRET between different-sized quantum dots Biosens. Bioelectron. 2014 56 144 150 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.007 24487101 · DOI
  105. [108]Knopp D. Immunoassay Development for Environmental Analysis Springer Cham, Switzerland 2006 16715274
  106. [109]Kattke M.D. Gao E.J. Sapsford K.E. Stephenson L.D. Kumar A. FRET-based quantum dot immunoassay for rapid and sensitive detection of Aspergillus amstelodami Sensors 2011 11 6396 6410 10.3390/s110606396 22163961 PMC3231422 · DOI
  107. [110]Pan Y. Wei X. A novel FRET immunosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of dicofol based on bimetallic nanoclusters Anal. Chim. Acta 2022 1224 340235 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340235 35998992 · DOI
  108. [111]Chattopadhyay S. Choudhary M. Singh H. Carbon dots and graphene oxide based FRET immunosensor for sensitive detection of Helicobacter pylori Anal. Biochem. 2022 654 114801 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114801 35803298 · DOI
  109. [112]Serebrennikova K.V. Samokhvalov A.V. Zherdev A.V. Dzantiev B.B. A fluorescence immunosensor for ochratoxin A based on resonance energy transfer between fluorescein derivative and gold nanoparticles J. Food Compos. Anal. 2022 114 104806 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104806 · DOI
  110. [113]Li X. Li J. Yang W. Han D. Yao N. Zhao H. Chu X. Liang X. Bi C. Wang C. Fluorescent immunosensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer between CdSe/ZnS quantum dots and Au nanorods for PRRSV detection Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 2022 32 157 162 10.1016/j.pnsc.2022.02.003 · DOI
  111. [114]Huang J. Wei F. Cui Y. Hou L. Lin T. Fluorescence immunosensor based on functional nanomaterials and its application in tumor biomarker detection RSC Adv. 2022 12 31369 31379 10.1039/D2RA04989A 36349017 PMC9624183 · DOI
  112. [115]Chopra A. Swami A. Sharma R. Devi N. Mittal S. Sharma R.K. Wangoo N. Femtomolar detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin ‘B’using a fluorescent quantum dot based hybrid Apta-immunosensor Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2023 287 122036 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122036 36327805 · DOI
  113. [116]Kumari P. Patel M.K. Kumar P. Nayak M.K. Carbon Dots Conjugated Antibody as an Effective FRET-Based Biosensor for Progesterone Hormone Screening Biosensors 2022 12 993 36354503 PMC9688503
  114. [117]Tade R.S. Patil P.O. Fabrication of poly (aspartic) acid functionalized graphene quantum dots based FRET sensor for selective and sensitive detection of MAGE-A11 antigen Microchem. J. 2022 183 107971 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107971 · DOI
  115. [118]Yang A. Su Y. Zhang Z. Wang H. Qi C. Ru S. Wang J. Preparation of graphene quantum dots by visible-fenton reaction and ultrasensitive label-free immunosensor for detecting lipovitellin of paralichthys olivaceus Biosensors 2022 12 246 10.3390/bios12040246 35448306 PMC9024531 · DOI
  116. [119]Tang Z. Liu X. Su B. Chen Q. Cao H. Yun Y. Xu Y. Hammock B.D. Ultrasensitive and rapid detection of ochratoxin A in agro-products by a nanobody-mediated FRET-based immunosensor J. Hazard. Mater. 2020 387 121678 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121678 31753666 PMC7990105 · DOI
  117. [120]Wang X. Niessner R. Tang D. Knopp D. Nanoparticle-based immunosensors and immunoassays for aflatoxins Anal. Chim. Acta 2016 912 10 23 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.048 26920768 · DOI
  118. [121]Lee O.J. Ju H.W. Kim J.H. Lee J.M. Ki C.S. Kim J.H. Moon B.M. Park H.J. Sheikh F.A. Park C.H. Development of artificial dermis using 3D electrospun silk fibroin nanofiber matrix J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 2014 10 1294 1303 10.1166/jbn.2014.1818 24804550 · DOI
  119. [122]Lee J. Samson A.A.S. Song J.M. Peptide substrate-based inkjet printing high-throughput MMP-9 anticancer assay using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018 256 1093 1099 10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.051 · DOI
  120. [123]Mertens H.D.T. Piljić A. Schultz C. Svergun D.I. Conformational analysis of a genetically encoded FRET biosensor by SAXS Biophys. J. 2012 102 2866 2875 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.05.009 22735537 PMC3379623 · DOI
  121. [124]Kikhney A.G. Svergun D.I. A practical guide to small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of flexible and intrinsically disordered proteins FEBS Lett. 2015 589 2570 2577 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.027 26320411 · DOI
  122. [125]Faccio G. Salentinig S. Enzyme-triggered dissociation of a FRET-Based protein biosensor monitored by synchrotron SAXS Biophys. J. 2017 113 1731 1737 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.044 29045867 PMC5647591 · DOI
  123. [126]Sidhu J.S. Singh A. Garg N. Singh N. Carbon dot based, naphthalimide coupled FRET pair for highly selective ratiometric detection of thioredoxin reductase and cancer screening ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017 9 25847 25856 10.1021/acsami.7b07046 28737377 · DOI
  124. [127]Shi L. De Paoli V. Rosenzweig N. Rosenzweig Z. Synthesis and application of quantum dots FRET-based protease sensors J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006 128 10378 10379 10.1021/ja063509o 16895398 · DOI
  125. [128]Wang X. Xia Y. Liu Y. Qi W. Sun Q. Zhao Q. Tang B. Dual-Luminophore-Labeled Gold Nanoparticles with Completely Resolved Emission for the Simultaneous Imaging of MMP-2 and MMP-7 in Living Cells under Single Wavelength Excitation Chem. Eur. J. 2012 18 7189 7195 10.1002/chem.201200227 22517611 · DOI
  126. [129]Li S.Y. Liu L.H. Cheng H. Li B. Qiu W.X. Zhang X.Z. A dual-FRET-based fluorescence probe for the sequential detection of MMP-2 and caspase-3 Chem. Commun. 2015 51 14520 14523 10.1039/C5CC04962H 26283215 · DOI
  127. [130]Ghosh S. Singharoy D. Bhattacharya S.C. Spectroscopic and theoretical investigation of conformational changes of proteins by synthesized pyrimidine derivative and its sensitivity towards FRET application Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2018 195 7 15 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.029 29358093 · DOI
  128. [131]Hinnebusch B.F. Meng S. Wu J.T. Archer S.Y. Hodin R.A. The effects of short-chain fatty acids on human colon cancer cell phenotype are associated with histone hyperacetylation J. Nutr. 2002 132 1012 1017 10.1093/jn/132.5.1012 11983830 · DOI
  129. [132]Wu X. Song Y. Yan X. Zhu C. Ma Y. Du D. Lin Y. Carbon quantum dots as fluorescence resonance energy transfer sensors for organophosphate pesticides determination Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017 94 292 297 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.010 28315592 · DOI
  130. [133]Qian R. Ding L. Ju H. Switchable fluorescent imaging of intracellular telomerase activity using telomerase-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticle J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013 135 13282 13285 10.1021/ja406532e 23978191 · DOI
  131. [134]Famulok M. Hartig J.S. Mayer G. Functional aptamers and aptazymes in biotechnology, diagnostics, and therapy Chem. Rev. 2007 107 3715 3743 10.1021/cr0306743 17715981 · DOI
  132. [135]Yuan F. Chen H. Xu J. Zhang Y. Wu Y. Wang L. Aptamer-based luminescence energy transfer from near-infrared-to-near-infrared upconverting nanoparticles to gold nanorods and its application for the detection of thrombin Chem. Eur. J. 2014 20 2888 2894 10.1002/chem.201304556 24501010 · DOI
  133. [136]Auer A. Strauss M.T. Schlichthaerle T. Jungmann R. Fast, background-free DNA-PAINT imaging using FRET-based probes Nano Lett. 2017 17 6428 6434 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03425 28871786 · DOI
  134. [137]Wu B. Cao Z. Zhang Q. Wang G. NIR-responsive DNA hybridization detection by high efficient FRET from 10-nm upconversion nanoparticles to SYBR green I Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018 255 2853 2860 10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.103 · DOI
  135. [138]Climent E. Martínez-Máñez R. Sancenón F. Marcos M.D. Soto J. Maquieira A. Amorós P. Controlled delivery using oligonucleotide-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010 49 7281 7283 10.1002/anie.201001847 20737526 · DOI
  136. [139]Xu L. Gao Y. Kuang H. Liz-Marzán L.M. Xu C. MicroRNA-directed intracellular self-assembly of chiral nanorod dimers Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018 57 10544 10548 10.1002/anie.201805640 29885071 · DOI
  137. [140]Jeng S.C.Y. Trachman R.J. Weissenboeck F. Truong L. Link K.A. Jepsen M.D.E. Knutson J.R. Andersen E.S. Ferré-D’Amaré A.R. Unrau P.J. Fluorogenic aptamers resolve the flexibility of RNA junctions using orientation-dependent FRET Rna 2021 27 433 444 10.1261/rna.078220.120 33376189 PMC7962493 · DOI
  138. [141]Jepsen M.D.E. Sparvath S.M. Nielsen T.B. Langvad A.H. Grossi G. Gothelf K.V. Andersen E.S. Development of a genetically encodable FRET system using fluorescent RNA aptamers Nat. Commun. 2018 9 18 10.1038/s41467-017-02435-x 29295996 PMC5750238 · DOI
  139. [142]Tian J. Wei W. Wang J. Ji S. Chen G. Lu J. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer aptasensor between nanoceria and graphene quantum dots for the determination of ochratoxin A Anal. Chim. Acta 2018 1000 265 272 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.018 29289319 · DOI
  140. [143]Bouchaala R. Mercier L. Andreiuk B. Mély Y. Vandamme T. Anton N. Goetz J.G. Klymchenko A.S. Integrity of lipid nanocarriers in bloodstream and tumor quantified by near-infrared ratiometric FRET imaging in living mice J. Control. Release 2016 236 57 67 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.027 27327767 PMC4968657 · DOI
  141. [144]Guo X. Wang L. Duval K. Fan J. Zhou S. Chen Z. Dimeric drug polymeric micelles with acid-active tumor targeting and FRET-traceable drug release Adv. Mater. 2018 30 1705436 10.1002/adma.201705436 PMC6060406 29210480 · DOI
  142. [145]Dey D. Bhattacharjee D. Chakraborty S. Hussain S.A. Development of hard water sensor using fluorescence resonance energy transfer Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2013 184 268 273 10.1016/j.snb.2013.04.077 · DOI
  143. [146]Sahare P.D. Sharma V.K. Mohan D. Rupasov A.A. Energy transfer studies in binary dye solution mixtures: Acriflavine+ Rhodamine 6G and Acriflavine+ Rhodamine, B Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2008 69 1257 1264 10.1016/j.saa.2007.07.003 17765006 · DOI
  144. [147]Hussain S.A. Chakraborty S. Bhattacharjee D. Schoonheydt R.A. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer between organic dyes adsorbed onto nano-clay and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2010 75 664 670 10.1016/j.saa.2009.11.037 20018558 · DOI
  145. [148]Saha J. Roy A.D. Dey D. Nath J. Bhattacharjee D. Hussain S.A. Development of arsenic (v) sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2017 241 1014 1023 10.1016/j.snb.2016.10.098 · DOI
  146. [149]Saha J. Suklabaidya S. Nath J. Datta Roy A. Dey B. Dey D. Bhattacharjee D. Hussain S.A. Fluorescence-and FRET-based mercury (II) sensor Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 2020 100 789 807 10.1080/03067319.2019.1641202 · DOI
  147. [150]Xu Z. Deng P. Li J. Xu L. Tang S. Molecularly imprinted fluorescent probe based on FRET for selective and sensitive detection of doxorubicin Mater. Sci. Eng. B 2017 218 31 39 10.1016/j.mseb.2017.02.005 · DOI
  148. [151]Kikuchi K. Takakusa H. Nagano T. Recent advances in the design of small molecule-based FRET sensors for cell biology TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 2004 23 407 415 10.1016/S0165-9936(04)00608-9 · DOI
  149. [152]Zhou M. Liu S. Jiang Y. Ma H. Shi M. Wang Q. Zhong W. Liao W. Xing M.M.Q. Doxorubicin-loaded single wall nanotube thermo-sensitive hydrogel for gastric cancer chemo-photothermal therapy Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015 25 4730 4739 10.1002/adfm.201501434 · DOI
  150. [153]Conde J. Oliva N. Atilano M. Song H.S. Artzi N. Self-assembled RNA-triple-helix hydrogel scaffold for microRNA modulation in the tumour microenvironment Nat. Mater. 2016 15 353 363 10.1038/nmat4497 26641016 PMC6594154 · DOI
  151. [154]Kearney C.J. Mooney D.J. Macroscale delivery systems for molecular and cellular payloads Nat. Mater. 2013 12 1004 1017 10.1038/nmat3758 24150418 · DOI
  152. [155]Huang P. Song H. Zhang Y. Liu J. Cheng Z. Liang X.-J. Wang W. Kong D. Liu J. FRET-enabled monitoring of the thermosensitive nanoscale assembly of polymeric micelles into macroscale hydrogel and sequential cognate micelles release Biomaterials 2017 145 81 91 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.07.012 28858720 · DOI
  153. [156]Zaman M.A. Ren W. Wu M. Padhy P. Hesselink L. Topological visualization of the plasmonic resonance of a nano C-aperture Appl. Phys. Lett. 2023 122 81107 10.1063/5.0143309 PMC9957604 36846092 · DOI
  154. [157]Saha J. Dey D. Roy A.D. Bhattacharjee D. Hussain S.A. Multi step FRET among three laser dyes Pyrene, Acriflavine and Rhodamine B J. Lumin. 2016 172 168 174 10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.12.004 · DOI
  155. [158]Cui F. Yue Y. Zhang Y. Zhang Z. Zhou H.S. Advancing Biosensors with Machine Learning ACS Sens. 2020 5 3346 3364 10.1021/acssensors.0c01424 33185417 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Verma, A. K., Noumani, A., Yadav, A. K., & Solanki, P. R.
Affiliations
Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
Corresponding author
Solanki, Pratima R.
ORCID
Venue
Diagnostics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-04-08
Volume
13
Issue
8
Pages
1375
ISSN
2075-4418 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/diagnostics13081375
PMC
PMC10136898
OpenAlex
W4362733064
Cited by
202
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 68 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 10
FWCI
6.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Diagnostics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Biomedical Device and Technology Development (BDTD) (TDP/BDTD/49/2021, 34/13/2019-TF/Nano/BMS)
  • General, Department of Science and Technology (DST) (TDP/BDTD/49/2021, 34/13/2019-TF/Nano/BMS)
  • Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) (TDP/BDTD/49/2021, 34/13/2019-TF/Nano/BMS)
  • Govt. of India (TDP/BDTD/49/2021, 34/13/2019-TF/Nano/BMS)
  • Department of Biotechnology-BIG-BIRAC (TDP/BDTD/49/2021, 34/13/2019-TF/Nano/BMS)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
Keywords
fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET biosensor, donor-acceptor fluorophores, quantum dots, fluorescent proteins, point-of-care diagnosis, wearable sensors, single-molecule FRET, ion detection, pH sensing, immunosensor, aptasensor, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review