Diagnostics for Developing Countries
Open accessAbstract
Improving the availability of high quality diagnostic tests for infectious diseases is a global priority. Lack of access by people living in low income countries may deprive them of life saving treatment and reduces opportunities to prevent onward transmission and spread of the disease. Diagnostic laboratories are often poorly resourced in developing countries, and sparsely distributed. Improved access may be achieved by using tests that do not require laboratory support, including rapid tests for use at the point-of-care. Despite increased interest, few new in vitro diagnostic (IVD) products reach the majority populations in low income countries. Barriers to uptake include cost and lack of robustness, with reduced test performances due to environmental pressures such as high ambient temperatures or dust. In addition to environmental factors test developers must consider the local epidemiology. Confounding conditions such as immunosuppression or variations in antigen presentation or genotype can affect test performance. Barriers to product development include access to finance to establish manufacturing capacity and cover the costs of market entry for new devices. Costs and delays may be inflated by current regulatory preregistration processes to ensure product safety and quality, and more harmonized approaches are needed.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Availability issues, such as geographical constraints, resource shortages, or long waiting times, can cause significant diagnostic errors even when specific tests exist.
“Second, availability issues, such as geographical constraints, resource shortages, or long waiting times, can cause significant diagnostic errors even when specific tests exist [189,190].”
From Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors (2026) · cites this paper as [190]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says laboratories may be geographically inaccessible and under-resourced, and that particular tests may not reach much of the population. Section 3.1 (page unavailable) adds that a community-based rapid test may detect more cases than a more sensitive test confined to a specialized laboratory. These passages support missed diagnoses despite the existence of tests, but do not establish long waiting times or quantify the errors as significant. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies
Schünemann, H. J., Oxman, A. D., Brozek, J., Glasziou, P., Jaeschke, R., Vist, G. E., Williams, J. W., Kunz, R., Craig, J., Montori, V. M., et al. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39500.677199.ae · Cited by 1,782 · see citing works
Statistics Notes: Diagnostic tests 2: predictive values
Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6947.102 · Cited by 1,711 · see citing works
Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories
Richmond, J. Y., & McKinney, R. W. (1999) · U.S. G.P.O. , For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O. eBooks · Cited by 1,494 · see citing works
Newell, M., Coovadia, H. M., Cortina‐Borja, M., Rollins, N. C., Gaillard, P., & Dabis, F. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17140-7 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults
Steingart, K. R., Schiller, I., Horne, D. J. D. L., Pai, M., Boehme, C. C., & Dendukuri, N. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009593.pub3 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Wang, H., Dwyer-Lindgren, L., Lofgren, K. T., Rajaratnam, J. K., Marcus, J. R., Levin-Rector, A., Levitz, C. E., Lopez, A. D., & Murray, C. J. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61719-x · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Laboratory medicine in Africa: a barrier to effective health care
Petti, C. A., Polage, C. R., Quinn, T. C., Ronald, A. R., & Sande, M. A. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/499363 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Lawn, S. D., Kerkhoff, A. D., Vogt, M., & Wood, R. (2011) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70251-1 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Xpert® MTB/RIF assay for pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults
Steingart, K. R., Sohn, H., Schiller, I., Kloda, L. A., Boehme, C. C., Pai, M., & Dendukuri, N. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009593.pub2 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Reducing the global burden of tuberculosis: the contribution of improved diagnostics
Keeler, E. B., Perkins, M. D., Small, P. M., Hanson, C. L., Reed, S. G., Cunningham, J. A., Aledort, J. E., Hillborne, L., Rafael, M. E., Girosi, F., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05446 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross sectional study.
Elliott, A. M., Luo, N. P., Tembo, G., Halwiindi, B., Steenbergen, G., Machiels, L., Pobee, J. O. M., Nunn, P., Hayes, R., & Mcadam, K. P. W. J. (1990) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6749.412 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Towards a point-of-care test for active tuberculosis: obstacles and opportunities
McNerney, R., & Daley, P. (2011) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2521 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citationResults from early programmatic implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF testing in nine countries
Creswell, J., Codlin, A. J., André, E., Micek, M. A., Bedru, A., Carter, E. J., Yadav, R. P. H., Mosneaga, A., Rai, B., Banu, S., et al. (2014) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-2 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Dheda, K. U. J., van Zyl-Smit, R. N., Badri, M., & Pai, M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0b013e32832a0adc · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Autopsy Study of HIV-1–Positive and H IV-1–Negative Adult Medical Patients in Nairobi, Kenya
Rana, F., Hawken, M. P., Mwachari, C., Bhatt, S. M., Abdullah, F., Nganga, L., Power, C., Githui, W. A., Porter, J. D. H., & Lucas, S. B. (2000) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200005010-00004 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
New and improved tuberculosis diagnostics: evidence, policy, practice, and impact
Pai, M., Minion, J., Steingart, K. R., & Ramsay, A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0b013e328338094f · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Dyck, E. V., Buvé, A., Weiss, H. A., Glynn, J. R., Brown, D., Deken, B. D., Parry, J. V., & Hayes, R. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.42.7.2961-2965.2004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bates, M., Mudenda, V. C., Shibemba, A. L., Kaluwaji, J., Tembo, J. M., Kabwe, M., Chimoga, C., Chilukutu, L., Chilufya, M., Kapata, N., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(15)70058-7 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Dowdy, D. W., Steingart, K. R., & Pai, M. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001074 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Raizada, N., Sachdeva, K. S., Sreenivas, A., Vadera, B., Gupta, R. S., Parmar, M., Kulsange, S., Babre, A., Thakur, R., Gray, C. M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089301 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Emerging technologies in point-of-care molecular diagnostics for resource-limited settings
Peeling, R. W. W., & McNerney, R. (2014) · Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1586/14737159.2014.915748 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationBissonnette, L., & Bergeron, M. G. (2012) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm2020050 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Everett, D., Baisely, K. J., McNerney, R., Hambleton, I. R., Chirwa, T. F., Ross, D. A., Changalucha, J. M., Watson‐Jones, D., Helmby, H., Dunne, D. W., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02264-09 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationAlbertini, A., Lee, E., Coulibaly, S. O., Sleshi, M., Faye, B., Mationg, M. L., Ouedraogo, K., Tsadik, A. G., Feleke, S. M., Diallo, I., et al. (2012) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-406 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Autopsy Study of HIV-1–Positive and H IV-1–Negative Adult Medical Patients in Nairobi, Kenya
Rana, F., Hawken, M. P., Mwachari, C., Bhatt, S. M., Abdullah, F., Nganga, L., Power, C., Githui, W. A., Porter, J. D. H., & Lucas, S. B. (2000) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00042560-200005010-00004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Regulation of medical diagnostics and medical devices in the East African community partner states
Rugera, S. P., McNerney, R., Poon, A. K., Akimana, G., Mariki, R. F., Kajumbula, H., Kamau, E., Mpawenimana, S., Said, S. Y., Toroitich, A. M., et al. (2014) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-014-0524-2 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationGasasira, A. F., Dorsey, G., Kamya, M. R., Havlir, D. V., Kiggundu, M., Rosenthal, P. J., & Charlebois, E. D. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02207-05 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Improving access to new diagnostics through harmonised regulation: priorities for action
McNerney, R., Sollis, K. A., & Peeling, R. W. W. (2014) · African Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.4102/ajlm.v3i1.123 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationThe "Achilles Heel" of Global Efforts to Combat Infectious Diseases
Berkelman, R. L., Cassell, G. H., Specter, S., Hamburg, M., & Klugman, K. P. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/504494 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Increasing access to diagnostics through technology transfer and local production
Peeling, R. W. W., & McNerney, R. (2011) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationReasons for false-positive lipoarabinomannan ELISA results in a Tanzanian population
Kroidl, I., Clowes, P., Mwakyelu, J., Maboko, L., Kiangi, A., Rachow, A., Reither, K., Jung, J., Nsojo, A. A., Saathoff, E., et al. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365548.2013.853133 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Abdurrahman, S. T., Emenyonu, N., Obasanya, O. J., Lawson, L., Dacombe, R. J., Muhammad, M., Oladimeji, O., & Cuevas, L. E. (2014) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2014.18.277.3906 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The TDR Tuberculosis Specimen Bank: a resource for diagnostic test developers.
Nathanson, C.-M., Cuevas, L. E., Cunningham, J. A., Perkins, M. D., Peeling, R. W. W., Guillerm, M., Moussy, F., & Ramsay, A. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kock, R. A., Croft, S. L., Dixon, M. A., Fletcher, C. M., Good, L., Guzmán, J., Heymann, D., Liyanage, R., McKeever, D. J., McNerney, R., et al. (2012) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pulingam, T., Parumasivam, T., Gazzali, A. M., Sulaiman, A. M., Chee, J. Y., Lakshmanan, M., Chin, C. F., & Sudesh, K. (2021) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106103 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
A guide to aid the selection of diagnostic tests
Kosack, C., Page, A., & Klatser, P. R. (2017) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.16.187468 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Heidt, B., Siqueira, W. F., Eersels, K., Diliën, H., van Grinsven, B., Fujiwara, R. T., & Cleij, T. J. (2020) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios10100133 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Narayanamurthy, V., Jeroish, Z. E., Bhuvaneshwari, K. S., Bayat, P., Premkumar, R., Samsuri, F., & Yusoff, M. M. (2020) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d0ra00263a · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Mother-to-child transmission of Chikungunya virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Contopoulos‐Ioannidis, D. G., Newman-Lindsay, S., Chow, C., & LaBeaud, A. D. (2018) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006510 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
New Technologies for Detection of Enteric Parasites
Ryan, U. M., Paparini, A., & Oskam, C. L. (2017) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.03.005 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Powering point-of-care diagnostic devices
Choi, S. (2015) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.004 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Low-Cost Optical Assays for Point-of-Care Diagnosis in Resource-Limited Settings
Jiang, N., Tansukawat, N. D., Gonzalez‐Macia, L., Ates, H. C., Dincer, C., Güder, F., Taşoğlu, S., & Yetisen, A. K. (2021) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.1c00669 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
ASSURED‐compliant point‐of‐care diagnostics for the detection of human viral infections
Naseri, M., Ziora, Z. M., Simon, G. P., & Batchelor, W. J. (2021) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2263 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Kuupiel, D., Bawontuo, V., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2017) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics7040058 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Next-generation rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Reszetnik, G., Hammond, K., Mahshid, S., AbdElFatah, T., Nguyen, D. M., Corsini, R., Caya, C., Papenburg, J., Cheng, M. P., & Yansouni, C. P. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53930-x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Ferreira, F. T. S. M., Mesquita, R. B. R., & Rangel, A. O. S. S. (2020) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121183 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Economic Impacts of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Developing CountriesPreprint
Rodela, T. T., Tasnim, S., Mazumder, H., Faizah, F., Sultana, A., & Hossain, M. M. (2020) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/wygpk · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Engel, N., Wachter, K. J., Pai, M., Gallarda, J., Boehme, C. C., Celentano, I., & Weintraub, R. (2016) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000132 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mashamba-Thompson, T. P., Jama, N. A., Sartorius, B. K. D., Drain, P. K., & Thompson, R. (2017) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics7010003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Rasti, R., Nanjebe, D., Karlström, J., Muchunguzi, C., Mwanga‐Amumpaire, J., Gantelius, J., Mårtensson, A., Rivas, L., Galban, F., Reuterswärd, P., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Ryall, C., Duarah, S., Chen, S., Yu, H., & Wen, J. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14051072 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Duchesne, L., & Lacombe, K. (2017) · Journal of Viral Hepatitis · doi:10.1111/jvh.12827 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Recent advances in point-of-care biosensors for the diagnosis of neglected tropical diseases
Deroco, P. B., Wachholz, D., & Kubota, L. T. (2021) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2021.130821 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
National laboratory policies and plans in sub-Saharan African countries: gaps and opportunities
Ondoa, P., van den Broek, A., Jansen, C., Bruijn, H. D., & Schultsz, C. (2017) · African Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.4102/ajlm.v6i1.578 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Cantera, J. L., White, H. N., Diaz, M. H., Beall, S. G., Winchell, J. M., Lillis, L. L., Kalnoky, M., Gallarda, J. L., & Boyle, D. S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215756 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A laminar-flow based microbial fuel cell array
Yang, W., Lee, K. K., & Choi, S. (2016) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2016.11.155 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
A Low-Cost, Disposable and Portable Inkjet-Printed Biochip for the Developing World
Joshi, K., Velasco, V., & Esfandyarpour, R. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123593 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Practices of traditional beef farmers in their production and marketing of cattle in Zambia
Mumba, C., Häsler, B., Muma, J. B., Munyeme, M., Sitali, D. C., Skjerve, E., & Rich, K. M. (2017) · Tropical Animal Health and Production · doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1399-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Mashamba-Thompson, T. P., Sartorius, B. K. D., & Drain, P. K. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3207-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Comprehensive review of conventional and state-of-the-art detection methods of Cryptosporidium
Luka, G., Samiei, E., Tasnim, N., Dalili, A., Najjaran, H., & Hoorfar, M. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126714 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Kuupiel, D., Tlou, B., Bawontuo, V., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01236 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Frugal Science Powered by Curiosity
Byagathvalli, G., Challita, E. J., & Bhamla, M. S. (2021) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02868 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Aung, N. M., Nyein, P. P., Htut, T. Y., Htet, Z. W., Kyi, T. T., Anstey, N. M., Kyi, M. M., & Hanson, J. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0378 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Henderson, C. J., Pumford, E. A., Seevaratnam, D., Daly, R., & Hall, E. A. H. (2018) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
New microfluidic paper-based analytical device for iron determination in urine samples
Ferreira, F. T. S. M., Catalão, K. A., Mesquita, R. B. R., & Rangel, A. O. S. S. (2021) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-021-03706-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
How to implement new diagnostic products in low-resource settings: an end-to-end framework
Mugambi, M. L., PETER, T. F., Martins, S. F., & Giachetti, C. (2018) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000914 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Aiming at the Global Elimination of Viral Hepatitis: Challenges Along the Care Continuum
Heffernan, A., Barber, E., Cook, N. A., Gomaa, A. I., Harley, Y. X. R., Jones, C. R., Lim, A. G., Mohamed, Z., Nayagam, S., Ndow, G., et al. (2017) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx252 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pixelated colorimetric nucleic acid assay
Aydın, H. B., Cheema, J. A., Ammanath, G., Toklucu, C., Yücel, M., Özenler, S., Palaniappan, A., Liedberg, B., & Yıldız, Ü. H. (2019) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120581 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gao, W., Manning, J. C., Devaraj, K., Richards-Kortum, R. R., McFall, S. M., Murphy, R. L., Semeere, A., & Erickson, D. (2025) · JCO Global Oncology · doi:10.1200/go-25-00142 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Engel, N., & Wolffs, P. F. G. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003457 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cellular flow in paper-based microfluidics
Choi, G., & Choi, S. (2015) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.127 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Manufacturers’ Perspective on World Health Organization Prequalification of In Vitro Diagnostics
Morin, S., Bazarova, N., Jacon, P., & Vella, S. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix719 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bellassai, N., D’Agata, R., & Spoto, G. (2025) · Sensors and Actuators Reports · doi:10.1016/j.snr.2025.100285 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rosqvist, E., Niemelä, E., Frisk, J. V., Öblom, H., Koppolu, R., Abdelkader, H., Véliz, D. S., Mennillo, M., Venu, A. P., Ihalainen, P., et al. (2020) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/c9tb01958h · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Facile Colorimetric Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Nitrite in the Simulated Saliva
Chanu, O. R., Savitha, R., Kapoor, A., Gopalakrishnan, S., Karthik, V., & Pushpavanam, S. (2024) · Sensing and Imaging · doi:10.1007/s11220-024-00458-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Integrated nucleic acid testing system to enable TB diagnosis in peripheral settings
Lu, H., Sakamuri, R. M., Kumar, P., Ferguson, T. M., Doebler, R. W., Herrington, K., Talbot, R., Weigel, K. M., Nguyen, F. K., Cangelosi, G. A., et al. (2020) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/d0lc00445f · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hybrid 3D printed integrated microdevice for the determination of copper ions in human body fluids
Jiang, S., Zhao, J., Zhao, S., Deng, H., Zhu, R., Bai, Y., & Cui, G. (2022) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-022-04049-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Social innovation in diagnostics: three case studies
Srinivas, M. L., Yang, E. J., Shrestha, P., Wu, D., Peeling, R. W. W., & Tucker, J. D. (2020) · Infectious Diseases of Poverty · doi:10.1186/s40249-020-0633-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tola, H. H., Holakouie-Naieni, K., Lejisa, T., Mansournia, M. A., Yaseri, M., Tesfaye, E., & Mola, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218487 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Endockscope: A Disruptive Endoscopic Technology
Lu, S. X., Cottone, C. M., Yoon, R., Jefferson, F. A., Sung, J. M., Okhunov, Z., Tapiero, S., Patel, R. M., Landman, J., & Clayman, R. V. (2019) · Journal of Endourology · doi:10.1089/end.2019.0252 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rapid Low-Cost Microfluidic Detection in Point of Care Diagnostics
Raju, S. P., & Chu, X. (2018) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-018-1043-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Djigo, O. K. M., Bollahi, M. A., Ebou, M. H., Salem, M. S. O. A., Tahar, R., Bogreau, H., Basco, L. K., & Boukhary, A. O. M. S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220977 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bengtson, M., Bharadwaj, M., ten Bosch, A., Nyakundi, H., Matoke-Muhia, D., Dekker, C., & Diehl, J. C. (2020) · Global Health Science and Practice · doi:10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00028 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chamane, N., Kuupiel, D., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2019) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1040-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mashamba-Thompson, T. P., Sartorius, B. K. D., Stevens, F. C. J., & Drain, P. K. (2016) · African Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.4102/ajlm.v5i1.449 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
RT-LAMP as Diagnostic Tool for Influenza—A Virus Detection in Swine
Storms, S. M., Shisler, J. L., Nguyen, T. H., Zuckermann, F. A., & Lowe, J. F. (2023) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci10030220 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Micro- and nanotechnology-based approaches to detect pathogenic agents in food
Cady, N. C., Fusco, V., Maruccio, G., Primiceri, E., & Batt, C. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804301-1.00012-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Colucci, G., Renteria, S. U., Ceriotti, F., & Lampertico, P. (2021) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvab170 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Burden, clinical presentation and risk factors of advanced HIV disease in pregnant Mozambican women
Nhampossa, T., González, R., Nhacolo, A., García‐Otero, L., Quintó, L., Mazuze, M., Mendes, A., Casellas, A., Bambo, G., Couto, A. M., et al. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-05090-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A comprehensive district-level laboratory intervention after the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone
Mesman, A. W., Bangura, M., Kanawa, S., Gassimu, J. S., Dierberg, K. L., Sheku, M., Orozco, J. D., & Marsh, R. H. (2019) · African Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.4102/ajlm.v8i1.885 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Light Forge: A Microfluidic DNA Melting-based Tuberculosis Test
Mbano, I., Mandizvo, T., Rogich, J., Kunota, T. T. R., Mackenzie, J. S., Pillay, M., & Balagadde, F. (2020) · The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1093/jalm/jfaa019 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors
Yen, C., Epling, J. W., Rockwell, M., & Vaughn-Cooke, M. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16020347 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lateral flow paired with RT-LAMP: A speedy solution for Influenza A virus detection in swine
Storms, S. M., Shisler, J. L., Nguyen, T. H., Zuckermann, F. A., & Lowe, J. F. (2024) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110174 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Machowski, E. E., & Kana, B. D. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01111-17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mandal, N., Pramanick, B., Bhattacharyya, T. K., & Singh, B. (2025) · Environment & Health · doi:10.1021/envhealth.5c00201 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Watson, M., Chambers, P., Steventon, L., King, J. H., Ercia, A., Shaw, H. M., & Moubayed, N. A. (2024) · BMJ Oncology · doi:10.1136/bmjonc-2024-000430 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bardey, D., Donder, P. D., & Zaporozhets, V. (2025) · Discover Health Systems · doi:10.1007/s44250-025-00196-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ogwel, B., Mzazi, V. H., Awuor, A. O., Okonji, C., Anyango, R. O., Oreso, C., Ochieng, J. B., Munga, S., Nasrin, D., Tickell, K. D., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-025-02855-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Geldsetzer, P., Flores, S., Flores, B., Rogers, A. B., & Chang, A. Y. (2023) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000156 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sagna, T., Ouedraogo, H., Zouré, A. A., Zida, S., Compaore, R., Kambire, D., & Al, E. (2021) · Revue Malienne d Infectiologie et de Microbiologie · doi:10.53597/remim.v16i1.1758 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kumar, P., Ahmad, S., Kumar, S., Naveen, K. G., Kumar, P., Kumar, N., & Pandey, S. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.46037 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Quality and resilience of clinical laboratories in Rwanda: a need for sustainable strategies
Rusanganwa, V., Nzabahimana, I., & Evander, M. (2024) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2024.2358633 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An observation: Could the spread of Adenovirus in South Asia pose a hazard to global public health?
Ahamed, R., Ahmed, I., Bari, L. F., & Dewan, S. M. R. (2023) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1567 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Oduwole, O. A., Ameh, S., Esu, E., Oringanje, C. M., Meremikwu, J., & Meremikwu, M. (2019) · Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.4103/njcp.njcp_66_19 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kanamori, S., Egami, Y., Shimizu, E., Miyano, S., Villanueva, A. F. D. R., Hashimoto, N., Kiyohara, H., Norizuki, M., Uechi, M., Koto‐Shimada, K., et al. (2025) · Tropical Medicine and Health · doi:10.1186/s41182-025-00839-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Resistant dermatomyositis in a rural indigenous Maya woman
Cnop, K., Martinez, B., & Austad, K. (2019) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2017-223886 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Digital Protein Detection in Bulk Solutions
Beck, S., Shin, D., Kim, S. J., Hedde, P. N., & Zhao, W. (2022) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c04666 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Oviya, R. P., Trivedi, S., Sangith, N., & Sankaran, K. (2019) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-019-09894-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lab-On-Chip, Internet of Things, Analytics and Health Care 4.0: A synergistic future forward
Narayanamurthy, V., Bhuvaneshwari, K. S., Jeroish, Z. E., & Samsuri, F. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1502/1/012023 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Review on Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Through a One Health Approach
Melese, M., Abdu, B., Fentahun, S., Girma, S., Genobaye, I., & Demssie, E. (2025) · American Journal of Zoology · doi:10.11648/j.ajz.20250804.12 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chamane, N., Kuupiel, D., & Mashamba-Thompson, T. P. (2019) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v11n12p1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Paper fluidic platform with dual-optical readouts to detect microRNA-20a (miR-20a) for preeclampsia
Chaturvedi, N., Kunkel, A., Schechinger, M., Mabbott, S. B., Choudhury, M., & Coté, G. L. (2023) · Optical Diagnostics and Sensing: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics · doi:10.1117/12.2648423 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Origami-inspired microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for microorganism detection
Sözmen, A. B., Bayraktar, A. E., & Yıldız, A. A. (2024) · Emergent Materials · doi:10.1007/s42247-024-00775-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wong, B., Kasparek, E., Robillard, A., Turner, K., Corkery, T. C., Safavieh, R., & Girard‐Lauriault, P. (2020) · Microfluidics and Nanofluidics · doi:10.1007/s10404-020-2324-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mason, M. G., & Botella, J. R. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.29.122994 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pighi, L., Negrini, D., Henry, B. M., Salvagno, G. L., & Lippi, G. (2023) · Advances in Laboratory Medicine / Avances en Medicina de Laboratorio · doi:10.1515/almed-2023-0114 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Surviving Bad News: Health Information without Treatment Options
Ciancio, A., Kämpfen, F., Kohler, H., & Thornton, R. L. (2025) · American Economic Review Insights · doi:10.1257/aeri.20240058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ross, N., Adegoke, K. A., & Adriaens, M. (2025) · Sustainable Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1039/d5se00945f · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Publishing quandaries for scientists from developing countries
Acharya, K. P. (2019) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-019-02961-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Introduction to Microbes and Infection in the Modern World
Doloff, J. C. (2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788012638-00038 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Measuring Relevant Information in Health Social Network Conversations and Clinical Diagnosis Cases
Moreira, A., Alonso-Calvo, R., Muñoz, A., & Crespo, J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122787 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dhall, K., & Rajasuresh, K. (2021) · Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal · doi:10.26685/urncst.261 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Off-Grid Electrical Cell Lysis Microfluidic Device Utilizing Thermoelectricity and Thermal Radiation
Duong, D. D., & Lee, N. Y. (2021) · Chemosensors · doi:10.3390/chemosensors9100292 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chinthala, L. K. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.15.26353325 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An origami-inspired multicell biobattery stack
Mohammadifar, M., Gao, Y., & Choi, S. (2016) · Proceedings of IEEE Sensors/Proceedings of IEEE Sensors ... · doi:10.1109/icsens.2016.7808946
A Smartphone-Enabled, Portable and Stand-Alone Fluorescence Quantitation System
Sánchez, A., Kemper, G., Serpa, S., Melgar, L., & Milón, P. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON) · doi:10.1109/intercon.2018.8526389
Heidt, B. (2021) · doi:10.26481/dis.20220126bh
Case discussions using WeChat: Are they reliable?Preprint
Li, Y., Hu, S., Alkhatatbeh, T., Wang, J., Song, J., Ma, R., & Wang, W. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.2.21409/v1
Moreira, A., Alonso-Calvo, R., Muñoz, A., & Crespo, J. (2018) · doi:10.2196/preprints.11475
Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for phenylketonuria monitoring
Stewart, A. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.208391
Burden, clinical presentation and risk factors of advanced HIV disease in pregnant Mozambican womenPreprint
Nhampossa, T., González, R., Nhacolo, A., García‐Otero, L., Quintó, L., Mazuze, M., Mendes, A., Casellas, A., Bambo, G., Couto, A. M., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1789138/v1
Deeba, I. M., & Hossain, M. S. (2023) · Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.3329/bjm.v39i2.66268
Pighi, L., Negrini, D., Henry, B. M., Salvagno, G. L., & Lippi, G. (2023) · Advances in Laboratory Medicine / Avances en Medicina de Laboratorio · doi:10.1515/almed-2023-0153
Umeh, K. F., Adaji, S., Sacks, M., Eleje, G. U., Umeh, E. O., Ushie, S. N., Okafor, C. G., Oguejiofor, C. B., Bawa, U., Bature, S., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3951807/v1
- Authors
- McNerney, R.
- Affiliations
- TB Alert, Community Base, 113 Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XG, UK
- Corresponding author
- McNerney, Ruth
- ORCID
- McNerney, Ruth
- Venue
- Diagnostics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-05-19
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 200-209
- ISSN
- 2075-4418 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4665590
- OpenAlex
- W2104188515
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 4.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diagnostics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Biotechnology and Related Fields
- Keywords
- diagnostic testing, infectious diseases, low-income countries, point-of-care testing, rapid testing, in vitro diagnostics, diagnostic access, test performance, environmental robustness, immunosuppression, regulatory approval, regulatory harmonization, production capacity, market entry costs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
