In Vitro Models Used in Cariology Mineralisation Research—A Review of the Literature
Open accessAbstract
Background: Dental caries remains a significant global health problem. One of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the development and progression of dental caries is the dynamic process of demineralisation/remineralisation. In vitro models have played a critical role in advancing our understanding of this process and identifying potential interventions to prevent or arrest dental caries. This literature review aims to provide a structured oversight of in vitro mineralisation models which have been used to study the tooth demineralisation/remineralisation process. Methods: Publications from 2019 to 2023 were screened to identify articles reporting the use of in vitro models to study the demineralisation/remineralisation of tooth caries. The included studies were methodologically assessed for their information on (i) substrate, (ii) lesion formation, and (iii) mineralisation models. Results: The most reported substrates used in the studies were human teeth along with bovine incisors. Acetic/lactic buffers were the most common solutions to induce caries lesions. pH cycling was the most frequently used mineralisation model for simulating the daily change within the oral environment. This review discussed the advantages and limitations of various approaches. Conclusions: Standardisation of in vitro mineralisation models is crucial for enabling effective comparison between studies and advancing caries research.
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In vitro models of enamel and dentin repair do not fully reproduce the complex oral environment, including masticatory loading, salivary flow, dietary acid challenge, enzymatic degradation, and dynamic plaque biofilm formation.
“These models are useful for demonstrating mineral nucleation, tubule occlusion, and interfacial bonding mechanisms, but they do not fully reproduce the complex oral environment, including masticatory loading, salivary flow, dietary acid challenge, enzymatic degradation, and dynamic plaque biofilm formation.38”
From Polydopamine-Based Biomaterials in Oral Medicine: Applications, Mechanisms, and Translational Challenges (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
Section 3.3 (page unavailable) says in vitro models cannot fully replicate intraoral conditions or the oral cavity’s microbiological diversity. It also discusses limitations in simulating saliva, acid exposure, and natural plaque. The cited passages do not establish the specific limitations of masticatory loading or enzymatic degradation, or the sentence’s claims about demonstrating tubule occlusion and interfacial bonding mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Fu, Y., Ekambaram, M., Li, K. C., Zhang, Y., Cooper, P. R., & Mei, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Cooper, Paul R.
- Mei, May Lei
- Venue
- Dentistry Journal
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-10-08
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 323
- ISSN
- 2304-6767 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11506496
- OpenAlex
- W4403215301
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dentistry Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- New Zealand Dental Research Foundation (RF8.03 2020)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental Erosion and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Orthodontics › Dental materials and restorations
- Keywords
- dental caries, demineralization, remineralization, pH cycling, human teeth, bovine incisors
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