A Review of Counter-UAS Technologies for Cooperative Defensive Teams of Drones
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, the drone market has had a significant expansion, with applications in various fields (surveillance, rescue operations, intelligent logistics, environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, inspection and measuring in the construction industry). Given their increasing use, the issues related to safety, security and privacy must be taken into consideration. Accordingly, the development of new concepts for countermeasures systems, able to identify and neutralize a single (or multiples) malicious drone(s) (i.e., classified as a threat), has become of primary importance. For this purpose, the paper evaluates the concept of a multiplatform counter-UAS system (CUS), based mainly on a team of mini drones acting as a cooperative defensive system. In order to provide the basis for implementing such a system, we present a review of the available technologies for sensing, mitigation and command and control systems that generally comprise a CUS, focusing on their applicability and suitability in the case of mini drones.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Counter-drone technology is widely under study, which for example enables configuration of guarded areas to either permit or block drones.
“To prevent those misuses as in [150-154], counter-drone technology is widely under study, which for example, enables the configuration of guarded areas to either permit or block drones.”
From A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City (2023) · cites this paper as [152]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review
Hassanalian, M., & Abdelkefi, A. (2017) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2017.04.003 · Cited by 1,459 · see citing works
Unmanned Aircraft Capture and Control Via GPS Spoofing
Kerns, A. J., Shepard, D. P., Bhatti, J., & Humphreys, T. (2014) · J. Field Robotics · doi:10.1002/rob.21513 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
A survey on jamming attacks and countermeasures in WSNs
Mpitziopoulos, A., Gavalas, D., Konstantopoulos, C. G., et al. (2009) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/surv.2009.090404 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Shi, X., Yang, C., Xie, W., et al. (2018) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2018.1700430 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques
Chamola, V., Kotesh, P., Agarwal, A., Naren, N., Gupta, N., & Guizani, M. (2020) · Ad Hoc Networks · doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102324 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Analysis of micro-Doppler signatures
Chen, V. C., Li, F., Ho, S.-S., & Wechsler, H. (2003) · IEE Proceedings - Radar Sonar and Navigation · doi:10.1049/ip-rsn:20030743 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Survey on Anti-Drone Systems: Components, Designs, and Challenges
Park, S., Kim, H. T., Lee, S., Joo, H., & Kim, H. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3065926 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Collision Avoidance Systems and Approaches
Yasin, J. N., Mohamed, S. A. S., Haghbayan, M.-H., Heikkonen, J., Tenhunen, H., & Plosila, J. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3000064 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Classification of small UAVs and birds by micro-Doppler signatures
Molchanov, P., Harmanny, R. I. A., de Wit, J. J. M., Egiazarian, K., & Astola, J. T. (2014) · International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies · doi:10.1017/s1759078714000282 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Routing in Flying Ad Hoc Networks: Survey, Constraints, and Future Challenge Perspectives
Oubbati, O. S., Atiquzzaman, M., Lorenz, P., Tareque, M. H., & Hossain, M. S. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2923840 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Defending Airports from UAS: A Survey on Cyber-Attacks and Counter-Drone Sensing Technologies
Lykou, G., Moustakas, D., & Gritzalis, D. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20123537 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Detection Strategy for Cryptographic GNSS Anti-Spoofing
Humphreys, T. E. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/taes.2013.6494400 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Ghallab, M., Nau, D. S., & Traverso, P. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-155860856-6/50021-1 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Coordination techniques for distributed artificial intelligence
Jennings, N. R. (1996) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Rocking drones with intentional sound noise on gyroscopic sensors
Son, Y., Shin, H., Kim, D., et al. (2015) · USENIX Security Symposium · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Micro-UAV Detection and Classification from RF Fingerprints Using Machine Learning Techniques
Ezuma, M., Erden, F., Anjinappa, C. K., et al. (2019) · Proceedings - IEEE Aerospace Conference · doi:10.1109/aero.2019.8741970 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Using deep networks for drone detection
Aker, C., & Kalkan, S. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS) · doi:10.1109/avss.2017.8078539 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Deep Learning on Multi Sensor Data for Counter UAV Applications—A Systematic Review
Samaras, S., Diamantidou, E., Ataloglou, D., Sakellariou, N., Vafeiadis, A., Magoulianitis, V., Lalas, A. X., Dimou, A., Zarpalas, D., Votis, K., et al. (2019) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s19224837 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Counter-Unmanned Aircraft System(s) (C-UAS): State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Trends
Wang, J., Liu, Y., & Song, H. H. (2021) · IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/maes.2020.3015537 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Cooperative Robots to Observe Moving Targets: Review
Khan, A., Rinner, B., & Cavallaro, A. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2016.2628161 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
A study on detecting drones using deep convolutional neural networks
Saqib, M., Khan, S. D., Sharma, N., & Blumenstein, M. (2017) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS) · doi:10.1109/avss.2017.8078541 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Protect Your Sky: A Survey of Counter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems
Kang, H., Joung, J., Kim, J., Kang, J., & Cho, Y. S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3023473 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Detection and Classification of Multirotor Drones in Radar Sensor Networks: A Review
Coluccia, A., Parisi, G., & Fascista, A. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20154172 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Detection and tracking of drones using advanced acoustic cameras
Busset, J., Perrodin, F., Wellig, P., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2194309 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Classification of loaded/unloaded micro‐drones using multistatic radar
Fioranelli, F., Ritchie, M., Griffiths, H., & Borrion, H. (2015) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el.2015.3038 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Securing commercial WiFi-based UAVs from common security attacks
Hooper, M., Tian, Y.-F., Zhou, R., et al. (2016) · IEEE Military Communications Conference · doi:10.1109/milcom.2016.7795496 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Multi-target detection and tracking from a single camera in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Li, J., Ye, D. H., Chung, T. H., Kölsch, M., Wachs, J., & Bouman, C. (2016) · IEEE/RJS International Conference on Intelligent RObots and Systems · doi:10.1109/iros.2016.7759733 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
35 GHz FMCW drone detection system
Drozdowicz, J., Wielgo, M., Samczyński, P., Kulpa, K., Krzonkalla, J., Mordzonek, M., Bryl, M., & Jakielaszek, Z. (2016) · International Radar Symposium · doi:10.1109/irs.2016.7497351 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Key Technologies and System Trade-offs for Detection and Localization of Amateur Drones
Azari, M. M., Sallouha, H., Chiumento, A., et al. (2018) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2017.1700442 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
LiDAR and Camera Detection Fusion in a Real-Time Industrial Multi-Sensor Collision Avoidance System
Wei, P., Cagle, L. D., Reza, T., Ball, J. E., & Gafford, J. R. (2018) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics7060084 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Night-time Detection of UAVs using Thermal Infrared Camera
Andraši, P., Radišić, T., Muštra, M., et al. (2017) · Transportation research procedia · doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.12.184 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Controlling UAVs with sensor input spoofing attacks
Davidson, D., Wu, H., Jellinek, R., Ristenpart, T., & Singh, V. (2016) · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Design of UAV-Embedded Microphone Array System for Sound Source Localization in Outdoor Environments
Hoshiba, K., Washizaki, K., Wakabayashi, M., et al. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17112535 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Drone Detection in Long-Range Surveillance Videos
Nalamati, M., Kapoor, A., Saqib, M., Sharma, N., & Blumenstein, M. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS) · doi:10.1109/avss.2019.8909830 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A communications jamming taxonomy
Lichtman, M., Poston, J. D., Amuru, S., et al. (2016) · IEEE Security & Privacy · doi:10.1109/msp.2016.13 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Detection, localization, and tracking of unauthorized UAS and Jammers
Güvenç, İ., Özdemir, Ö., Yapıcı, Y., et al. (2017) · IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) · doi:10.1109/dasc.2017.8102043 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
A Surveillance System for Drone Localization and Tracking Using Acoustic Arrays
Chang, X., Yang, C., Wu, J., Shi, X., & Shi, Z. (2018) · IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel Signal Processing Workshop (SAM) · doi:10.1109/sam.2018.8448409 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Energy Efficient Legitimate Wireless Surveillance of UAV Communications
Li, K., Voicu, R. C., Kanhere, S. S., Ni, W., & Tovar, E. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2890999 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Noor, F., Khan, M. A., Alzahrani, A., Ullah, I., & Al‐Dhlan, K. A. (2020) · Drones · doi:10.3390/drones4040065 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A Vision-Based Approach to UAV Detection and Tracking in Cooperative Applications
Opromolla, R., Fasano, G., & Accardo, D. (2018) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18103391 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Noh, J., Kwon, Y., Son, Y., et al. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security · doi:10.1145/3309735 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Low-Complexity Portable Passive Drone Surveillance via SDR-Based Signal Processing
Fu, H., Abeywickrama, S., Zhang, L., et al. (2018) · IEEE Communications Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcom.2018.1700424 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Multiple Unmanned Air Vehicle Persistent Surveillance Problem: A Review
Nigam, N. (2014) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines2010013 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Jamming of UAV remote control systems using software defined radio
Pärlin, K., Alam, M. M., & Moullec, Y. L. (2018) · International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS) · doi:10.1109/icmcis.2018.8398711 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Lazzari, F., Buffi, A., Nepa, P., et al. (2017) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2017.2684817 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Defending Against Intrusion of Malicious UAVs with Networked UAV Defense Swarms
Brust, M. R., Danoy, G., Bouvry, P., et al. (2017) · IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks Workshops (LCN Workshops) · doi:10.1109/lcn.workshops.2017.71 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Autonomous Tracking of Intermittent RF Source Using a UAV Swarm
Koohifar, F., Güvenç, İ., & Sichitiu, M. L. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2810599 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Acoustic Detection and Tracking of a Class I UAS with a Small Tetrahedral Microphone Array
Benyamin, M., & Goldman, G. H. (2014) · doi:10.21236/ada610599 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
A UAV classification system based on FMCW radar micro-Doppler signature analysis
Oh, B., Guo, X., & Lin, Z. (2019) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.05.007 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Yu, J., Li, J., Sun, B. S., & Jiang, Y. (2018) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/igarss.2018.8519373 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Obstacle Detection Method of UAV Based on 2D Lidar
Zheng, L., Zhang, P., Tan, J., et al. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2952173 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Systemic design of distributed multi-UAV cooperative decision-making for multi-target tracking
Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Wang, C., et al. (2019) · Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems · doi:10.1007/s10458-019-09401-5 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Acoustic Source Localization From Multirotor UAVs
Salvati, D., Drioli, C., Ferrin, G., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/tie.2019.2949529 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A Friendly and Low-Cost Technique for Capturing Non-Cooperative Civilian Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
He, D., Qiao, Y., Chen, S., Du, X., Chen, W., Zhu, S., & Guizani, M. (2018) · IEEE Network · doi:10.1109/mnet.2018.1800065 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
V-RBNN Based Small Drone Detection in Augmented Datasets for 3D LADAR System
Kim, B. H., Khan, D., Bohak, C., et al. (2018) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s18113825 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effective GPS Jamming Techniques for UAVs Using Low-Cost SDR Platforms
Ferreira, R., Gaspar, J., Sebastião, P., et al. (2020) · Wireless Personal Communications · doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07212-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Stevens Drone Detection Acoustic System and Experiments in Acoustics UAV Tracking
Sedunov, A., Haddad, D. M., Salloum, H., et al. (2019) · IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST) · doi:10.1109/hst47167.2019.9032916 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Swarm-based counter UAV defense system
Brust, M. R., Danoy, G., Stolfi, D. H., et al. (2021) · Discover Internet of Things · doi:10.1007/s43926-021-00002-x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nassi, B., Shabtai, A., Masuoka, R., & Elovici, Y. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.05155 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A real-time and protocol-aware reactive jamming framework built on software-defined radios
Nguyen, D. H., Sahin, C. S., Shishkin, B., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2627788.2627798 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cooperative Jamming for Wireless Physical Layer SecurityPreprint
Dong, L., Han, Z., Petropulu, A. P., et al. (2009) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.0907.4996 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Guo, J., Ahmad, I., & Chang, K. (2020) · EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking · doi:10.1186/s13638-019-1632-9 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Continuous authentication of UAV flight command data using behaviometrics
Shoufan, A. (2017) · IFIP/IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration · doi:10.1109/vlsi-soc.2017.8203494 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hunting Drones with Other Drones: Tracking a Moving Radio Target
Dressel, L. K., & Kochenderfer, M. J. (2019) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra.2019.8794243 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Potential of lidar sensors for the detection of UAVs
Hammer, M., Hebel, M., Borgmann, B., Laurenzis, M., & Arens, M. (2018) · Laser radar technology and applications. Conference · doi:10.1117/12.2303949 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
An Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle Attack Scenario and Trustworthy Repair Architecture
Highnam, K., Angstadt, K., Leach, K., Weimer, W. R., Paulos, A., & Hurley, P. (2016) · International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks workshops · doi:10.1109/dsn-w.2016.63 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Millimeter wave radar for perimeter surveillance and detection of MAVs (Micro Aerial Vehicles)
Caris, M., Johannes, W., Stanko, S., et al. (2015) · International Radar Symposium · doi:10.1109/irs.2015.7226314 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tilted-Beam Switched Array Antenna for UAV Mounted Radar Applications with 360° Coverage
Lee, C. U., Noh, G., Ahn, B., et al. (2019) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics8111240 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Modelling and Simulation of Collaborative Surveillance for Unmanned Traffic Management
Besada, J. A., Carramiñana, D., Bergesio, L., et al. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22041498 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Counter Unmanned Aerial Systems Testing: Evaluation of VIS SWIR MWIR and LWIR passive imagers.
Birch, G. C., & Woo, B. L. (2017) · doi:10.2172/1342469 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Cooperative Simultaneous Tracking and Jamming for Disabling a Rogue Drone
Papaioannou, S., Kolios, P., Panayiotou, C. G., et al. (2020) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros45743.2020.9340835 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Mechanism for Recognizing and Suppressing the Emergent Behavior of UAV Swarm
Liu, Q., He, M., Da-qin, X., Ding, N., & Wang, Y. (2018) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2018/6734923 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Multi UAV Coordination for Tracking the Dispersion of a Contaminant Cloud in an Urban Region
Sinha, A., Tsourdos, A., & White, B. A. (2009) · European Journal of Control · doi:10.3166/ejc.15.441-448 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Modular avionics for seamless reconfigurable UAS missions
López, J., Royo, P., Barrado, C., et al. (2008) · IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) · doi:10.1109/dasc.2008.4702748 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Low Cost Antenna Array Based Drone Tracking Device for Outdoor Environments
de Oliveira, M. T., Miranda, R. K., da Costa, J. P. C. L., et al. (2019) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2019/5437908 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Goecks, V. G., Woods, G., & Valasek, J. (2020) · doi:10.1117/12.2557442 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Detection of nearby UAVs using a multi-microphone array on board a UAV
Cabrera-Ponce, A. A., Martínez-Carranza, J., & Rascón, C. (2020) · International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles · doi:10.1177/1756829320925748 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Counter UAS Solutions Through UAV Swarm Environments
Pozniak, M., & Ranganathan, P. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology · doi:10.1109/eit.2019.8834140 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gigante, G., Pascarella, D., Luongo, S., et al. (2018) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.12293 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential Threats of UAS Swarms and the Countermeasure’s Need
Beaudoin, L., Gademer, A., Avanthey, L., et al. (2011) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mototolea, D., & Stolk, C. (2018) · International Conference on Communications (COMM) · doi:10.1109/iccomm.2018.8484827 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Knocking my neighbor's kid's cruddy drone offline.
Robinson, M., Mitchell, A., McGuire, R., & Herritage, K. (2015) · TIB AV-Portal · doi:10.5446/36427 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Influence of GNSS spoofing on drone in automatic flight mode
Vervisch-Picois, A., Samama, N., & Taillandier-Loize, T. (2017) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Allied Joint Doctrine for Air and Space Operations. Edition B Version 1. April 2016. Available online: https://www.japcc.org/wp-content/uploads/AJP-3.3-EDB-V1-E.pdf (accessed on 14 February 2022).
- Besada, J.A.; Campaña, I.; Carramiñana, D.; Bergesio, L.; de Miguel, G. Review and Simulation of Counter-UAS Sensors for Unmanned Traffic Management. Sensors 2022, 22, 189. [CrossRef] · DOI
- Luo, A. Drones Hijacking-Multi-Dimensional Attack Vectors and Countermeasures. In Proceedings of the DEFCON 24 Conference, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 4-7 August 2016; Available online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6RZ5KqSVcg (accessed on 28 February 2022).
- Karhima, T.; Silvennoinen, A.; Hall, M.; Haggman, S.-G. IEEE 802.11 b/g WLAN tolerance to jamming. In Proceedings of the Military Communications Conference, IEEE MILCOM 2004, Monterey, CA, USA, 31 October-3 November 2004; Volume 3, pp. 1364-1370.
- Rodday, N. Hacking a professional drone. In Proceedings of the Black Hat ASIA 2016, Singapore, 29 March-1 April 2016.
- Ghallab, M.; Nau, D.; Traverso, P. Automated Planning-Theory and Practice; Morgan Kaufmann Publishers: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2004. 106. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems (ALFUS) Framework; NIST Special Publication 1011-I-2.0; Terminology Version 2.0; NIST: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2008; Volume I. 107.
- Wooldridge, M.J. An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems, 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2009. 109.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A Survey of Video Surveillance Systems in Smart City
Myagmar-Ochir, Y., & Kim, W. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12173567 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
- Authors
- Castrillo, V. U., Manco, A., Pascarella, D., & Gigante, G.
- Affiliations
- Italian Aerospace Research Centre (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Castrillo, Vittorio Ugo
- Venue
- Drones
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 65
- ISSN
- 2504-446X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4214734027
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Drones (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › UAV Applications and Optimization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Military Technology and Strategies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Military Defense Systems Analysis
- Keywords
- unmanned aerial vehicles, small unmanned aerial vehicles, collaborative defense, drone neutralization, sensor technology, command and control systems, drone security
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
