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Cited by 120IoT and Edge/Fog ComputingIoT Networks and ProtocolsSmart Cities and Technologies

Networking Architectures and Protocols for IoT Applications in Smart Cities: Recent Developments and Perspectives

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Kanellopoulos, Dimitris, Sharma, Varun Kumar, Panagiotakopoulos, Theodor, Kameas, Achilles·2023·Electronics
DOI 10.3390/electronics12112490
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Abstract

Numerous municipalities employ the smart city model in large cities to improve the quality of life of their residents, utilize local resources efficiently, and save operating expenses. This model incorporates many heterogeneous technologies such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and Cloud Computing (ClCom). However, effective networking and communication protocols are required to provide the essential harmonization and control of the many system mechanisms to achieve these crucial goals. The networking requirements and characteristics of smart city applications (SCAs) are identified in this study, as well as the networking protocols that can be utilized to serve the diverse data traffic flows that are required between the dissimilar mechanisms. Additionally, we show examples of the networking designs of a few smart city systems, such as smart transport, smart building, smart home, smart grid, smart water, pipeline monitoring, and control systems.

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  • Most existing reinforcement-learning traffic signal control models require centralized control, which can become ineffective and susceptible to communication latency in extensive city networks.

    “Most of these models, though, require centralized control, and it can become ineffective and susceptible to communication latency in the case of extensive city networks [8,9].”

    From Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning for Real-time Traffic Control in 6G-Enabled VANET Environments (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Analysis of Smart City Applications/Systems section says centralized smart traffic surveillance systems may fail because of networking problems. The Network Requirements for SCAs section also discusses communication delays in smart-city networks. Neither passage says that most reinforcement-learning traffic signal control models require centralized control or specifically links their performance in extensive city networks to communication latency (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Authors
Kanellopoulos, D., Sharma, V. K., Panagiotakopoulos, T., & Kameas, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Patras (GR)
  • LNM Institute of Information Technology (IN)
  • University of Nicosia (CY)
  • Hellenic Open University (GR)
Corresponding author
  • Kanellopoulos, Dimitris
  • Panagiotakopoulos, Theodor
ORCID
Venue
Electronics
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-05-31
Volume
12
Issue
11
Pages
2490
ISSN
2079-9292 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/electronics12112490
OpenAlex
W4379055622
Cited by
120
References
271
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 6
FWCI
13.35
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Electronics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Competences for Resilient Smart Cities’ Staff (2021-1-EL01-KA220-HED-000032257)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › IoT Networks and Protocols
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Smart Cities and Technologies
Keywords
smart cities, Internet of Things, network architecture, communication protocols, wireless sensor networks, cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, smart transportation, smart buildings, home automation, smart grid, smart water, pipeline monitoring, heterogeneous integration

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