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A Low-Voltage DC Backbone with Aggregated RES and BESS: Benefits Compared to a Traditional Low-Voltage AC System

Azaioud, Hakim, Claeys, Robbert, Knockaert, Jos, Vandevelde, Lieven, Desmet, Jan·2021·Energies
DOI 10.3390/en14051420
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Abstract

The increasing penetration of PV into the distribution grid leads to congestion, causing detrimental power quality issues. Moreover, the multiple small photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) result in increasing conversion losses. A low-voltage DC (LVDC) backbone to interconnect these assets would decrease the conversion losses and is a promising solution for a more optimal integration of PV systems. The multiple small PV systems can be replaced by shared assets with large common PV installations and a large BESS. Sharing renewable energy and aggregation are activities that are stimulated by the European Commission and lead to a substantial benefit in terms of self-consumption index (SCI) and self-sufficiency index (SSI). In this study, the benefit of an LVDC backbone is investigated compared to using a low-voltage AC (LVAC) system. It is found that the cable losses increase by 0.9 percent points and the conversion losses decrease by 12 percent points compared to the traditional low-voltage AC (LVAC) system. The SCI increases by 2 percent points and the SSI increases by 6 percent points compared to using an LVAC system with shared meter. It is shown that an LVDC backbone is only beneficial with a PV penetration level of 65% and that the BESS can be reduced by 22% for the same SSI.

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Crossref · 10.3390/en14051420

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Figures

Figure 1 Illustration of the considered architectures with ( a ) a traditional AC grid with individual BESS and PV with an individual meter or shared meter ( b ) and an LVDC backbone with shared PV and BESS.
Figure 1 Illustration of the considered architectures with ( a ) a traditional AC grid with individual BESS and PV with an individual meter or shared meter ( b ) and an LVDC backbone with shared PV and BESS.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Illustration of the studied case with an LVDC backbone.
Figure 2 Illustration of the studied case with an LVDC backbone.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Iterative process for assessment of ( a ) a traditional AC grid architecture and ( b ) an LVDC backbone architecture.
Figure 3 Iterative process for assessment of ( a ) a traditional AC grid architecture and ( b ) an LVDC backbone architecture.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Conversion loss model.
Figure 4 Conversion loss model.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Converter circuits: ( a ) is a DC/DC buck converter, ( b ) is a DC/DC bidirectional boost converter, and ( c , d ) are single- and three-phase DC/AC inverters.
Figure 5 Converter circuits: ( a ) is a DC/DC buck converter, ( b ) is a DC/DC bidirectional boost converter, and ( c , d ) are single- and three-phase DC/AC inverters.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Distribution of the annual consumption for ( a ) the residential individual consumption, ( b ) the consumption of SMEs, and ( c ) the aggregated consumption.
Figure 6 Distribution of the annual consumption for ( a ) the residential individual consumption, ( b ) the consumption of SMEs, and ( c ) the aggregated consumption.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 Battery voltage in the function of the SoC.
Figure 7 Battery voltage in the function of the SoC.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Busses and nodes in the feeder and in the LVDC backbone.
Figure 8 Busses and nodes in the feeder and in the LVDC backbone.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 Optimal voltage: ( a ) sensitivity analysis on voltage in function of total losses and ( b ) optimal voltage in function of the cable length.
Figure 9 Optimal voltage: ( a ) sensitivity analysis on voltage in function of total losses and ( b ) optimal voltage in function of the cable length.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 10
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 10 ( a ) Cable losses and ( b ) conversion losses.
Figure 10 ( a ) Cable losses and ( b ) conversion losses.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 11 Distribution of the ( a ) self-consumption and ( b ) self-sufficiency for the three grid architectures.
Figure 11 Distribution of the ( a ) self-consumption and ( b ) self-sufficiency for the three grid architectures.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 13
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 13 Prices and weight information of DC/AC-inverters with ( a ) the weight per nominal power unit and ( b ) the price per nominal power unit.
Figure 13 Prices and weight information of DC/AC-inverters with ( a ) the weight per nominal power unit and ( b ) the price per nominal power unit.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 15
CC-BY · From the PDF
Appendix B.1. Traditional AC Grid Architecture
Appendix B.1. Traditional AC Grid ArchitectureCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure A3. Visualisation of the total power flows and losses for the LVDC backbone architecture with ( a ) the power flows and ( b ) the conversion and cable losses for a cloudy day in the winter and, ( c ) the power flows and ( d ) the conversion and cable losses for a sunny day in the summer.
Figure A3. Visualisation of the total power flows and losses for the LVDC backbone architecture with ( a ) the power flows and ( b ) the conversion and cable losses for a cloudy day in the winter and, ( c ) the power flows and ( d ) the conversion and cable losses for a sunny day in the summer.CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Azaioud, H., Claeys, R., Knockaert, J., Vandevelde, L., & Desmet, J.
Affiliations
  • EELab/Lemcko, Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
  • EELab, Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
ORCID
Venue
Energies
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-04
Volume
14
Issue
5
Pages
1420
ISSN
1996-1073
DOI
10.3390/en14051420
Cited by
17
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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