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Cited by 27Microgrid Control and OptimizationElectric Vehicles and InfrastructureSmart Grid Energy Management

Technical and Economic Assessment of Battery Storage and Vehicle-to-Grid Systems in Building Microgrids

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Correia, Alexandre F. M., Moura, Pedro, de Almeida, Aníbal T.·2022·Energies
DOI 10.3390/en15238905
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Abstract

In an electrical microgrid, distributed renewable generation is one of the main tools used to achieve energy sustainability, cost efficiency and autonomy from the grid. However, reliance on intermittent power sources will lead to a mismatch between generation and demand, causing problems for microgrid management. Flexibility is key to reducing the mismatch and providing a stable operation. In such a context, demand response and energy storage systems are the main factors that contribute to flexibility in a microgrid. This paper provides an assessment of the technical and economic impacts of a microgrid at the building level, considering photovoltaic generation, battery energy storage and the use of electric vehicles in a vehicle-to-building system. The main novel contributions of this work are the quantification of system efficiencies and the provision of insights into the design and implementation of microgrids using real on-site data. Several tests were conducted using real on-site data to calculate the overall efficiencies of the different assets during their operation. An economic assessment was carried out to evaluate the potential benefits of coordinating battery storage with a vehicle-to-building system regarding the flexibility and cost-efficient operation of the microgrid. The results show that these two systems effectively increase the levels of self-consumption and available flexibility, but the usefulness of private electric vehicles in public buildings is constrained by the schedules and parking times of the users. Furthermore, economic benefits are highly dependent on the variability of tariffs and the costs of energy storage systems and their degradation, as well as the efficiency of the equipment used in the conversion chain.

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  • The use of modern active front-end rectifiers in EV charging stations can enhance grid management capabilities while simultaneously increasing the efficiency of EV charging.

    “The use of modern active front-end rectifiers in EV charging stations can enhance grid management capabilities while simultaneously increasing the efficiency of EV charging, as highlighted in [31].”

    From Determining Volt/Var Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Inverters for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Networks (2024) · cites this paper as [31]

    Section 2.2 (Microgrid Efficiency; page not provided) says silicon-carbide semiconductors can reduce conversion losses and enable more efficient EV charging stations. Our copy does not identify active front-end rectifiers or say that those rectifiers enhance grid management capabilities, so it supports only the charging-efficiency portion of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Authors
Correia, A. F. M., Moura, P., & de Almeida, A. T.
Affiliations
  • University of Coimbra (PT)
  • Institute of System and Robotics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
Corresponding author
Moura, Pedro
ORCID
Venue
Energies
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-11-25
Volume
15
Issue
23
Pages
8905
ISSN
1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/en15238905
OpenAlex
W4310039593
Cited by
27
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5
FWCI
2.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) (UIDB/00048/2020, EXPL/EEI-EEE/1611/2021, UTAP-EXPL/CA/0065/2021, CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-047196)
  • European Regional Development Fund and national funds (UIDB/00048/2020, EXPL/EEI-EEE/1611/2021, UTAP-EXPL/CA/0065/2021, CENTRO-01-0247-FEDER-047196)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Microgrid Control and Optimization
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
Keywords
building microgrid, battery energy storage, vehicle-to-grid, electric vehicles, photovoltaic generation, demand response, self-consumption, energy storage efficiency, economic evaluation, electricity tariffs, energy storage degradation, conversion efficiency, public buildings

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