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Cited by 3Electric Vehicles and InfrastructureOptimal Power Flow DistributionPower Quality and Harmonics

Determining Volt/Var Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Inverters for Voltage Regulation in Distribution Networks

Open access
Voronin, Vyacheslav, Nepsha, Fedor, Ilyushin, Pavel·2024·World Electric Vehicle Journal
DOI 10.3390/wevj15120553
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Abstract

In this paper, a method for determining the parameters of the Volt/Var characteristics of inverters of electric vehicle charging stations to regulate voltage in distribution networks is proposed, which differs from the existing ones by taking into account the possibility of the joint control of active and reactive power and the impedance of the power distribution line. The method proposed in this paper allows researchers to determine the slope and width of the dead band of the Volt/Var characteristics according to the criterion of limiting the maximum voltage deviations to an acceptable value or maximizing the reactive power of the inverter upon reaching a specified voltage. To test this method, a quasi-dynamic modeling of the distribution network with electric vehicle charging stations regulating voltage using the Volt/Var characteristics was performed. Based on the modeling results, it is shown that fast electric vehicle charging stations can be used to regulate voltage in the distribution network with relatively minor constraints on the charging active power.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

The paper proposes an algorithm for determining Volt/Var characteristic parameters of fast EV charging station inverters, accounting for joint active/reactive power control and supply cable impedance. Quasi-dynamic simulations show a 240 kW EVCS can regulate voltage on a 630 kVA transformer’s low-voltage buses, eliminating unacceptable voltage deviations and reducing network losses by 14–15%, with charging-power constraints in reactive-power-priority mode.

Key findings

  • For a 240 kW EVCS on a 630 kVA transformer, about 165.1 kvar of inverter reactive power (69% of rated power) was required to raise voltage from 0.957 to 1.065 p.u.; Q-priority reduced the duration of voltage below 1 p.u. from 3.59% to 0.00%, while P-priority reduced it to 1.72%.
  • In Q-priority mode, active-power constraints affected 23.68% of charging sessions, with a maximum constraint of 31.23 kW and total constrained electricity of 2.89 kWh over the simulation interval.
  • Voltage regulation reduced network losses by 14–15% and reduced the maximum transformer load factor by 14.4% in Q-priority mode (LFmax 0.564 vs. 0.662 with no control).
  • Calculated Volt/Var slopes varied from 0.47 to 3.35; standard IEEE 1547-2018 slopes deviated from calculated values by up to 40.9% for category B and 76.4% for category A inverters. Using voltage sensitivity indexes gave average slope errors of 11.6% (no-load) and 4.6% (maximum load), or 3.9% and 5.5% under the reactive-power-maximization criterion.

Methods

  • The paper develops an analytical algorithm to determine Volt/Var slope and deadband width using two criteria: limiting voltage deviations to a permissible value, or maximizing inverter reactive power upon reaching a specified voltage. It accounts for joint active/reactive power control and the impedance of the EVCS supply cable, using voltage sensitivity indexes from the inverse Jacobian matrix.
  • Steady-state calculations were performed with the pandapower library in Python for a 10/0.4 kV transformer substation with a fast EVCS rated at 60, 120, 240, and 360 kW, transformer ratings of 250–2500 kVA, a 300 m cable line, and permissible voltage Ureq = 1 p.u.
  • Quasi-dynamic modeling used a 1-minute step for 240 h for one combination (630 kVA transformer, 240 kW EVCS), with an EVCS model accounting for EV parameters, stochastic owner behavior, and state-of-charge-dependent charging power, plus the IHEPC household load profile.

Limitations

  • The paper states that voltage sensitivity indexes are linearized and correspond sufficiently to the actual nonlinear functions U = f(Q) and U = f(P,Q) only in modes sufficiently distant from the static stability limit.
  • The paper states that quasi-dynamic simulation assumes voltage changes at inverter terminals are slow enough for the reactive power controller to implement the necessary control action at each simulation step.
  • Evident from the text: quasi-dynamic validation was performed for only one transformer/EVCS combination (630 kVA, 240 kW) over 240 h; the authors also note that Volt/Var parameters depend strongly on network parameters and should be periodically recalculated, and that protection coordination, inverter wear/reliability, and possible active-front-end cost increases require further consideration.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/wevj15120553

Cites

42 of 42 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

13 of 27 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan, distributed energy resource facilities connected to distribution networks must have the ability to control reactive power.

    “Thus, according to report [45], in Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan, distributed energy resource facilities connected to distribution networks must have the ability to control reactive power.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Altayara, A., Mende, D., Bucher, C., Ogasawara, Y., Omine, E., Ueda, Y., Bründliger, R., Adinolfi, G., Graditi, G., and Stock, D.S. (2024). Reactive Power Management with Distributed Energy Resources-IEA-PVPS, IEA Photovoltaic Power System Programme. source

      Section 2.1.1 says German grid codes require connected DER to provide controllable reactive power; sections 2.3 and 2.5.2 describe Japanese power-factor control and Italian reactive-power requirements, including for generators connected through distribution grids. Sections 4.2.1 and 2.4.1 describe Austrian requirements, but explicitly identify required reactive-power functionality for power-electronic grid interfaces rather than every DER facility. The claim's unqualified 'facilities ... must' is therefore broader than the requirements stated in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    As a condition for stability of inverter operation in Volt/Var regulation mode, the slope m must be less than 1/(∂U/∂Q).

    “As a condition for the stability of the inverter operation in the Volt/Var regulation mode, the following criterion is formulated: m < 1 ∂U/∂Q .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [26] Lee, Y.-D., Lin, W.-C., Jiang, J.-L., Cai, J.-H., Huang, W.-T., and Yao, K.-C. (2021). Optimal Individual Phase Voltage Regulation Strategies in Active Distribution Networks with High PV Penetration Using the Sparrow Search Algorithm. Energies, 14. source

      Section 2.3 says a steep Volt/Var control-curve slope may cause voltage and reactive-power oscillations, supporting the general connection between slope and stability. Section 3.3 addresses oscillations through an inverter-iteration limit, but neither section states the claimed criterion m < 1/(∂U/∂Q). No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [32] Wang, W., Shi, X., Brewster, C., and Huque, A. (August, January 15). Oscillation Mechanism and Setting Guideline for Inverter Volt-Var Control. Proceedings of the 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Virtual Meeting. source
    • cites [33] Gwon, D., Choi, Y., and Sim, J. (2022). Development of Voltage Control Algorithm for Improving System Stability in Korean Distribution Grids. Electronics, 11. source

      The section ‘Voltage Control Method of a Smart Inverter’ says that convergence to a stable operating point depends on the relationship between the VVC-curve slope and the voltage-characteristic curve. The passages available from our copy do not show the stated inequality, m < 1/(∂U/∂Q), so they support the general slope-based stability condition but not its precise formula. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    There is a possibility of undamped oscillations in the reactive power of inverters with a large slope of the Volt/Var characteristic.

    “As shown in [26,32,33], there is a possibility of undamped oscillations in the reactive power of inverters with a large slope of the Volt/Var characteristic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [26] Lee, Y.-D., Lin, W.-C., Jiang, J.-L., Cai, J.-H., Huang, W.-T., and Yao, K.-C. (2021). Optimal Individual Phase Voltage Regulation Strategies in Active Distribution Networks with High PV Penetration Using the Sparrow Search Algorithm. Energies, 14. source
    • cites [32] Wang, W., Shi, X., Brewster, C., and Huque, A. (August, January 15). Oscillation Mechanism and Setting Guideline for Inverter Volt-Var Control. Proceedings of the 2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Virtual Meeting. source
    • cites [33] Gwon, D., Choi, Y., and Sim, J. (2022). Development of Voltage Control Algorithm for Improving System Stability in Korean Distribution Grids. Electronics, 11. source

      Section 2 says that convergence to a stable operating point depends on the relationship between the Volt/Var curve’s slope and the grid’s voltage characteristic curve. Figure 3 is captioned “Unstable VVC operation (oscillation).” These passages support the possibility of oscillation, but the retrieved text does not explicitly say that a large Volt/Var slope produces undamped reactive-power oscillations. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Inverters have low thermal inertia, which imposes restrictions on their overload capability in all operating modes, usually up to 1.3-1.5 of rated current.

    “Inverters have low thermal inertia, which imposes restrictions on their overload capability in all operating modes, usually up to 1.3-1.5 of rated current [34,35].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [34] Yao, 2014, Frequency Control Ancillary Service Provided by a Wind Farm: Dual-BESS Scheme, J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy source

      Section 3.1 (page not specified) says inverter overload capability is limited and varies with overload duration; Section 3.2 likewise says it is valid only for a limited duration. The paper does not attribute those limits to low thermal inertia or give a usual limit of 1.3–1.5 times rated current across all operating modes. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [35] Huang, 2023, A Power-Angle-Based Adaptive Overcurrent Protection Scheme for Grid-Forming Inverter Under Large Grid Disturbances, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. source

      The available passages contain bibliographic information and overcurrent-protection keywords, but no substantive discussion of overload capability. Searches for thermal inertia, current limits, and 1.3–1.5 times rated current found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationreasoning

    The participation of the EVCS in managing the operating modes of distribution networks may require the improvement of traditional PR systems.

    “In this regard, the participation of the EVCS in managing the operating modes of distribution networks may require the improvement of traditional PR systems [37,38].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Ilyushin, P., Volnyi, V., Suslov, K., and Filippov, S. (2022). Review of Methods for Addressing Challenging Issues in the Operation of Protection Devices in Microgrids with Voltages of up to 1 kV That Integrates Distributed Energy Resources. Energies, 15. source

      The Introduction says changing generation and consumption modes in microgrids alter fault currents and compromise conventional protection devices. Section 4.1 discusses improving conventional protections for microgrids with distributed energy resources. The cited paper does not specifically address EV charging stations (EVCS) participating in distribution-network management, so it supports the general protection concern but not that specific application. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [38] Saxena, 2024, Navigating the Complexities of Distributed Generation: Integration, Challenges, and Solutions, Energy Rep. source
  • May combine two claims. 25
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In typical configurations of DC charging stations up to 350 kW, passive rectifiers are usually used, which limits the possibilities of their use for providing services for managing the operating modes of distribution networks.

    “However, as shown in [11], in typical configurations of DC charging stations up to 350 kW, passive rectifiers are usually used, which limits the possibilities of their use for providing services for managing the operating modes of distribution networks.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Rivera, 2023, Charging Infrastructure and Grid Integration for Electromobility, Proc. IEEE source

      The Off-Board DC Chargers section gives a range of 20–350 kW for mid-sized EV chargers, so the power range matches. But the Reactive Power, Power Quality, and Harmonic Compensation section says higher-power chargers have well-controllable grid front ends that can provide grid-support functions, contrary to the claim that they usually use passive rectifiers that limit such services. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Volt/Var characteristics from the standards of Denmark, Australia, Austria, Italy, and Germany significantly differ from each other: the minimum required reactive power of the inverter varies from 25% to 50% of the rated apparent power, and the deadband width of the characteristic varies from 0% to 15%.

    “In [21], it is shown that Volt/Var characteristics from the standards of Denmark, Australia, Austria, Italy, and Germany significantly differ from each other: the minimum required reactive power of the inverter varies from 25% to 50% of the rated apparent power, and the deadband width of the characteristic varies from 0% to 15%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Haghighat, 2024, A Review of State-of-the-Art Flexible Power Point Tracking Algorithms in Photovoltaic Systems for Grid Support: Classification and Application, J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy source

      Split into 3 atoms — 0 confirmed, 3 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Introducing a mandatory requirement for EVCS reactive power control will require the use of an active front end in fast EVCSs, which may lead to an increase in their cost.

    “In addition, the introduction of this requirement will require the use of an active front end in fast EVCSs, which may lead to an increase in their cost [49,50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Li, 2023, Probabilistic Charging Power Forecast of EVCS: Reinforcement Learning Assisted Deep Learning Approach, IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh. source

      The Introduction (p. 1) discusses uncertainty in EVCS charging power and the need to forecast it, not requirements for reactive power control. Searches for active front ends, reactive power control, and converter costs found no passage addressing whether such a requirement would increase fast-EVCS costs. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [50] Gabbar, H.A. (2022). Requirement Analysis of Fast-Charging Stations. Fast Charging and Resilient Transportation Infrastructures in Smart Cities, Springer. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The use of modern active front-end rectifiers in EV charging stations can enhance grid management capabilities while simultaneously increasing the efficiency of EV charging.

    “The use of modern active front-end rectifiers in EV charging stations can enhance grid management capabilities while simultaneously increasing the efficiency of EV charging, as highlighted in [31].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Correia, A.F.M., Moura, P., and de Almeida, A.T. (2022). Technical and Economic Assessment of Battery Storage and Vehicle-to-Grid Systems in Building Microgrids. Energies, 15. source

      Section 2.2 (Microgrid Efficiency; page not provided) says silicon-carbide semiconductors can reduce conversion losses and enable more efficient EV charging stations. Our copy does not identify active front-end rectifiers or say that those rectifiers enhance grid management capabilities, so it supports only the charging-efficiency portion of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Equipping EVCSs with an active front end will allow not only to control reactive power, but also to operate in the mode of an energy storage system, frequency control, harmonics filtering, and load balancing.

    “Equipping EVCSs with an active front end will allow not only to control reactive power, but also to operate in the mode of an energy storage system, frequency control, harmonics filtering, and load balancing [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Rivera, 2023, Charging Infrastructure and Grid Integration for Electromobility, Proc. IEEE source

      The sections on reactive power and harmonic compensation, virtual inertia, and flexible grid assets describe charger control of reactive power, harmonic compensation, and frequency response. The EV-Based Grid Energy Storage section describes storage and load balancing through EV batteries or integrated stationary storage; it does not say that adding an active front end alone enables those functions. The copy provides section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    In the considered example, the required width of the voltage regulation range was 5% (with a voltage increase from 0.95 to 1.0 p.u.).

    “In the considered example, the required width of the voltage regulation range was 5% (with a voltage increase from 0.95 to 1.0 p.u.).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The maximum reactive power of the inverter is equal to its rated apparent power.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The required inverter reactive power of the EVCS to change the voltage on the substation buses from U_min to U_req is determined by the voltage sensitivity index, which in turn depends on the short-circuit power and the X/R ratio at the point of connection of the inverter.

    “The required inverter reactive power of the EVCS to change the voltage on the substation buses from U min to U req is determined by the voltage sensitivity index, which in turn depends on the short-circuit power and the X/R ratio at the point of connection of the inverter.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The maximum reactive power of the inverter is equal to its rated apparent power.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IEEE 1547-2018 provides standard Volt/Var characteristics for category A and B inverters but does not provide a methodology for calculating the parameters of this characteristic.

    “IEEE 1547-2018 provides standard Volt/Var characteristics for category A and B inverters (Figure 1); however, it does not provide a methodology for calculating the parameters of this characteristic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IEEE 1547-2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Currently, the use of Volt/Var characteristics for voltage regulation is considered in sufficient detail using the example of photovoltaic power plants, and the parameters of the characteristics are mainly determined in the optimization process.

    “Currently, the use of Volt/Var characteristics for voltage regulation is considered in sufficient detail using the example of photovoltaic power plants, and the parameters of the characteristics are mainly determined in the optimization process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    When the active power consumption is higher than Pfeasible, the reactive power will be limited and the operating point will move from the Volt/Var characteristic to the B-Umin curve.

    “When the active power consumption is higher than P feasible , the reactive power will be limited and the operating point will move from the Volt/Var characteristic to the B-U min curve.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The minimum voltage will be observed when the EVCS operates with the rated active power.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The converter of AC home EVCSs is located on the EV board (on-board charger) and is often not equipped with an active front end required to control reactive power.

    “The converter is located on the EV board (on-board charger) and is often not equipped with an active front end required to control reactive power.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Further growth in the number of EVs and EVCSs may require extending reactive power control requirements to EVCSs in order to maintain power quality in distribution networks.

    “Usually, these requirements apply to generating units; however, further growth in the number of EVs and EVCSs may require the extension of these requirements to EVCSs to maintain the power quality in distribution networks.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Nonlinear functions U = f(Q) and U = f(P,Q) can be obtained using an iterative calculation of the steady-state mode by changing the active and reactive power of the inverter.

    “Nonlinear functions U = f (Q) and U = f (P,Q) can be obtained using an iterative calculation of the steady-state mode by changing the active and reactive power of the inverter.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    In Q-priority mode, the volume of constraints on active power of EV charging depends on the value of reactive power of the inverter.

    “This is especially important when the controller operates in the Q-priority mode, since in this mode the volume of congestions on the active power of the EV charge will depend on the value of the reactive power of the inverter.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The converter of fast DC charging stations is constantly connected to the electric grid, which allows for regulation even in the absence of the EV.

    “The converter of fast DC charging stations is constantly connected to the electric grid, which allows for regulation even in the absence of the EV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The voltage sensitivity indexes are linearized and will sufficiently correspond to the actual nonlinear functions U = f(Q) and U = f(P,Q) only in modes sufficiently distant from the static stability limit.

    “However, it is necessary to take into account that these indexes are linearized and will sufficiently correspond to the actual nonlinear functions U = f (Q) and U = f (P,Q) only in modes sufficiently distant from the static stability limit.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The found intersection point shows what value of reactive power Qreq will be required to increase the voltage from Umin to Ureq, as well as the volume of active power limitations of the EVCS in the operating mode of the regulator with the reactive power priority.

    “The found intersection point shows what value of reactive power Q req will be required to increase the voltage from U min to U req , as well as the volume of active power limitations of the EVCS in the operating mode of the regulator with the reactive power priority.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The minimum voltage will be observed when the EVCS operates with the rated active power.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The minimum reactive power injection and absorption capability of the inverter must be 44% for the overexcitation mode and between 25% and 44% in the underexcitation mode of the inverter nameplate apparent power for DER categories A and B, respectively.

    “The minimum reactive power injection and absorption capability of the inverter must be 44% for the overexcitation mode and between 25% and 44% in the underexcitation mode of the inverter nameplate apparent power for DER categories A and B, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites IEEE 1547-2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Existing calculation methods for determining the parameters of Volt/Var characteristics of photovoltaic power plants do not take into account the specifics of the operation of electric vehicle charging stations, which necessitates their revision.

    “the existing calculation methods for determining the parameters of Volt/Var characteristics of PV do not take into account the specifics of the operation of EVCS, which necessitates their revision.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The EVCS model used takes into account the parameters of the most common EV models, the stochastic behavior of EV owners, and the dependence of the charging power on the EV battery state of charge.

    “The EVCS model used is described in [40] and takes into account the parameters of the most common EV models, the stochastic behavior of EV owners, and the dependence of the charging power on the EV battery state of charge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Voronin, 2024, The Use of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Conditions of Restrictions on Technological Connection, ELECTRIC POWER Transm. Distrib.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Due to the simultaneous increase in reactive power and decrease in the active power of the inverter, the function U = f(P,Q) will have a smaller slope than the function U = f(Q), providing a larger range of voltage regulation.

    “which, due to the simultaneous increase in reactive power and decrease in the active power of the inverter, will have a smaller slope than the function U = f (Q), providing a larger range of voltage regulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    RPC significantly reduces the expected service life of inverters (on average by 62%), based on simulation results for PV inverters.

    “According to the simulation results, it was shown that RPC significantly reduces the expected service life of inverters (on average by 62%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Zhang, 2023, IGBT Reliability Analysis of Photovoltaic Inverter with Reactive Power Output Capability, Microelectron. Reliab. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Two voltage regulation modes can be distinguished: with the priority of active power and with the priority of reactive power.

    “Accordingly, two voltage regulation modes can be distinguished-with the priority of active power and with the priority of reactive power.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The converter of AC home EVCSs is connected to the electric grid only when the EV is connected to the EVCS, which excludes voltage regulation during EV downtime.

    “In addition, the converter is connected to the electric grid only when the EV is connected to the EVCS, which excludes voltage regulation during EV downtime.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The use of one standard version of the Volt/Var characteristic is not acceptable; when using the EVCS in voltage regulation, the parameters must be calculated for each specific case.

    “which indicates that the use of one standard version of the Volt/Var characteristic is not acceptable and when using the EVCS in voltage regulation, it is necessary to calculate the parameters of the Volt/Var characteristic for each specific case.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The maximum reactive power of the inverter is equal to its rated apparent power.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Bidirectional home DC charging stations are not widely used and are more expensive than standard AC home charging stations.

    “However, these charging stations are not widely used and are more expensive than standard AC home charging stations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Two basic algorithms for determining the parameters of the Volt/Var characteristic of the inverter of the EVCS can be formulated: based on the criterion of limiting voltage deviations to a given value, and based on the criterion of maximizing reactive power upon reaching a given voltage value.

    “Then, we can formulate two basic algorithms for determining the parameters of the Volt/Var characteristic of the inverter of the EVCS:”
    • Also stated in: § Based on the criterion of limiting voltage deviations to a given value; • · plain
      “Based on the criterion of limiting voltage deviations to a given value; • Based on the criterion of maximizing reactive power upon reaching a given voltage value.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For a given voltage increase, a larger transformer rated power leads to a larger required inverter reactive power because higher transformer power lowers impedance, increases short-circuit power, and decreases the voltage sensitivity index.

    “The greater the rated power of the transformer, the lower its impedance and the greater the short-circuit power.This leads to a decrease in the voltage sensitivity index.Then, to increase the voltage on the substation buses from U min to U req , a larger value of the inverter reactive power will be required.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The maximum reactive power of the inverter is equal to its rated apparent power.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    When the regulator operates with the active power priority, the operating point of the Volt/Var characteristic will move along the trajectory Uref-B-Umin, and Qreq will determine the maximum reactive power that the EVCS inverter can provide.

    “When the regulator operates with the active power priority, the operating point of the Volt/Var characteristic will move along the trajectory U ref -B-U min , and Q req will determine the maximum reactive power that the EVCS inverter can provide.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The minimum voltage will be observed when the EVCS operates with the rated active power.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    For an EVCS connected to a consumer's power supply system, benefit can be obtained by reducing power losses in the consumer's network, limiting voltage deviations, and eliminating or reducing the costs of installing RPC devices if their installation is necessary to ensure the standard reactive power factor at the point of common coupling.

    “In this case, the benefit can be obtained by reducing power losses in the consumer's network, limiting voltage deviations, and eliminating or reducing the costs of installing RPC devices if their installation is necessary to ensure the standard reactive power factor at the point of common coupling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: EVCSs connected to a consumer's power supply system are not bound by administrative barriers and can freely supply reactive power to the consumer's internal power supply system.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationnone given

    The obtained results can be used in developing solutions for managing distribution network modes during the widespread introduction of electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

    “The obtained results can be used in developing solutions for managing the distribution network modes during the widespread introduction of electric vehicle charging infrastructure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The slope of the function U = f(Q) depends on the short-circuit power and the X/R ratio of the supply electrical network relative to the inverter connection point: the greater the short-circuit power and the lower the X/R ratio, the steeper the slope of the function U = f(Q).

    “The slope of the function U = f (Q) depends on the short-circuit power and the ratio X/R of the supply electrical network relative to the inverter connection point: the greater the short-circuit power and the lower the ratio X/R, the steeper the slope of the function U = f (Q).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Reactive power compensation using an EV charging station may be less effective than using special compensating devices, since connecting the EVCS near the main consumers of reactive power may be impossible.

    “However, it should be taken into account that RPC using the EV charging station may be less effective compared to the use of special compensating devices, since connecting the EVCS near the main consumers of reactive power may be impossible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
33 of 33

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The minimum voltage will be observed when the EVCS operates with the rated active power.

    “This algorithm assumes that the minimum voltage will be observed when the EVCS operates with the rated active power.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fast EVCSs can be very energy-intensive consumers.

    “Fast EVCSs can be very energy-intensive consumers”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fast EVCSs are usually connected to the point of common coupling via a supply cable.

    “fast EVCSs are usually connected to the point of common coupling via a supply cable”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Active power control of EVCS can be implemented without harm to the EV owners by using the EV downtime after charging is complete.

    “active power control can be implemented without harm to the EV owners by using the EV downtime after charging is complete”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The maximum reactive power of the inverter is equal to its rated apparent power.

    “This analysis is performed based on the assumption that the maximum reactive power of the inverter is equal to its rated apparent power.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The change in voltage at the inverter terminals when the load changes occurs slow enough for the reactive power controller to implement the necessary control action at each simulation step.

    “During the simulation, it is assumed that the change in voltage at the inverter terminals when the load changes occurs slow enough for the reactive power controller to implement the necessary control action at each simulation step.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    EV charging stations usually operate at below-rated power because charging power is limited by the EV and depends on battery state of charge.

    “In practice, the EV charging stations usually operates at below-rated power.This is due to the fact that the charging power is determined not only by the EVCS parameters, but also by the EV.A number of EV models may have a maximum fast charging power lower than the rated power of the EVCS charging port.In addition, the charging power value depends on the EV battery state of charge, reaching a maxi”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    EVCSs connected to a consumer's power supply system are not bound by administrative barriers and can freely supply reactive power to the consumer's internal power supply system.

    “EVCSs connected to the consumer's power supply system are not bound by administrative barriers and can freely supply reactive power to the internal power supply system of the consumer.”
8 of 8

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. Vaskov, 2019, Research into the Issue of Reactive Power Compensation in the electrical Networks of Rosseti Lenenergo, ELECTRIC POWER Transm. Distrib., S3, 28
  2. Dogadkin, 2016, Reactive Power Compensation in the Distribution Network of PJSC MOESK, ELECTRIC POWER Transm. Distrib., 6, 60
  3. Zavalov, 2023, Reactive Power Compensation in Electrical Networks of 0.4–10 kV in Cities of Northern Regions, Glob. Energy, 29, 57
  4. Andreenkov, 2023, The Problem of Monitoring Compliance with the Reactive Power Level at Consumer Connections in Electrical Distribution Networks, Int. Tech. J., 1, 57
  5. Shkitina, 2021, Analysis of the Impact of Electric Vehicle Stochastic Load on the Distribution Network, ELECTRIC POWER. Transm. Distrib., S1, 40
  6. Domyshev, 2021, Optimization of Steady-State Modes of Electric Power Systems with Renewable Energy Sources and Active Load, Relay Prot. Autom., 4, 34
  7. Krupenev, 2021, Steady States Analysis of Power Supply Systems with RES and ESS in Assessment of Their Reliability Based on Higher Order Sensitivity Models, Relay Prot. Autom., 4, 47
  8. Voronin, 2024, The Use of Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Conditions of Restrictions on Technological Connection, ELECTRIC POWER Transm. Distrib., 5, 80
  9. Kuznetsov, 2021, Model of formation of incentive tariff for control of reactive power flows and quality of electric power, ELECTRIC POWER Transm. Distrib., 1, 88

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Voronin, V., Nepsha, F., & Ilyushin, P.
Affiliations
  • Kuzbass State Technical University (RU)
  • Mining Industry Digital Transformation Lab, Kuzbass State Technical University named after T.F. Gorbachev, 650000 Kemerovo, Russia
  • Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
Corresponding author
Ilyushin, Pavel
ORCID
Venue
World Electric Vehicle Journal
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-11-27
Volume
15
Issue
12
Pages
553
ISSN
2032-6653 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/wevj15120553
OpenAlex
W4404757195
Cited by
3
References
40
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1
FWCI
0.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • World Electric Vehicle Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (075-03-2024-082/2)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power Quality and Harmonics
Keywords
volt/var control, electric vehicle charging stations, inverter control, voltage regulation, distribution networks, reactive power control, dead band

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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