The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impact on Distribution Transformer Life Using Electric Vehicles with Long-Range Battery Capacity
Open accessAbstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the effects of short-range and long-range electric vehicles charging on transformer life. Long-range vehicles are expected to become more common in the future. They have higher battery capacity and charge at higher power levels, modifying demand profile. A probabilistic analysis is performed using the Monte Carlo Simulation, evaluating the transformer hottest-spot temperature and the aging acceleration factor. Residential demand is modeled based on real electricity measurements, and EVs’ demand is modeled based on real data collected from a trial project developed in the United Kingdom. Simulations are conducted considering the influence of ambient temperature analyzing summer and winter seasons and several EV penetration levels. Results show the impacts caused by long-range vehicles are more severe because they charge at higher power levels, especially during winter, when residential demand is higher. For penetration level of 50% during summer, the use of long-range EVs brings a minimum equivalent aging factor of 5.2, which means the transformer aged 124.8 h in a cycle of only 24 h, decreasing its lifetime.
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“Such a large-scale V2G implementation would require a substantial overhaul and investment in hardware like bidirectional inverters, software such as aggregator platforms, and protocols like ISO 15118 for secure data exchange [91].”
From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
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Citations
Cites
Simulation and the Monte Carlo Method
Rubinstein, R. Y., & Kroese, D. P. (2016) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118631980 · Cited by 3,356
The coming electric vehicle transformation
Crabtree, G. W. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax0704 · Cited by 345
Risk Assessment in Probabilistic Load Flow via Monte Carlo Simulation and Cross-Entropy Method
da Silva, A. M. L., & Milhorance, A. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2018.2869769 · Cited by 112
Technical and Economic Impact of PV-BESS Charging Station on Transformer Life: A Case Study
Affonso, C. M., & Kezunović, M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid · doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2866938 · Cited by 93
Self-citationRoy, P. K. S., Ilka, R., He, J., Liao, Y., Cramer, A. M., McCann, J., Delay, S., Coley, S., Geraghty, M. J., & Dahal, S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3276928 · Cited by 72
Reducing the Impacts of Electric Vehicle Charging on Power Distribution Transformers
Pradhan, P., Ahmad, I., Habibi, D., Kothapalli, G., & Masoum, M. A. S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040056 · Cited by 66
Diahovchenko, I. M., Petrichenko, R., Petrichenko, L., Mahņitko, A., Korzh, P., Kolcun, M., & Čonka, Z. (2022) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100592 · Cited by 44
The Flexibility of Domestic Electric Vehicle Charging: The Electric Nation Project
Dudek, E. (2021) · IEEE Power and Energy Magazine · doi:10.1109/mpe.2021.3072714 · Cited by 42
Data-driven risk analysis of joint electric vehicle and solar operation in distribution networks
Palomino, A., & Parvania, M. (2020) · IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy · doi:10.1109/oajpe.2020.2984696 · Cited by 32
Nafisi, H. (2018) · International Journal of Ambient Energy · doi:10.1080/01430750.2018.1563816 · Cited by 31
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- (2012). IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Transformers and Step-Voltage Regulators (Standard No. C57.91-2011).
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Chandra, I., Singh, N. K., Samuel, P., Bajaj, M., Singh, A. R., & ЗАЙЦЕВ, Є. О. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-88758-y · Cited by 60
Nugraha, S. D., Ashari, M., & Riawan, D. C. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3458982 · Cited by 15
Gaikwad, S., & Mehta, H. (2024) · e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering Electronics and Energy · doi:10.1016/j.prime.2024.100867 · Cited by 9
Çoban, H. H., Michailidis, P., Yildirim, Y. A., & Minelli, F. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18020761 · Cited by 7
Loureiro, M., Pereira, R. M. M., & Pereira, A. J. C. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18052191 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Barros, A. M. P., Angelim, J. H., & Affonso, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Pará (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Affonso, Carolina M.
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-06-20
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4810
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4381434613
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- PROPESP/UFPA (PAPQ) and CNPQ, Brazil
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power Transformer Diagnostics and Insulation
- Keywords
- electric vehicles, distribution transformers, transformer life, transformer aging, hot spot temperature, electric vehicle charging, EV penetration, residential electricity demand, seasonal effects, ambient temperature
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