The DOI matches its Crossref record; 287 of the 287 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Current Research on Green Ammonia (NH3) as a Potential Vector Energy for Power Storage and Engine Fuels: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Considering the renewable electricity production using sustainable technologies, such as solar photovoltaics or wind turbines, it is essential to have systems that allow for storing the energy produced during the periods of lower consumption as well as the energy transportation through the distribution network. Despite hydrogen being considered a good candidate, it presents several problems related to its extremely low density, which requires the use of very high pressures to store it. In addition, its energy density in volumetric terms is still clearly lower than that of most liquid fuels. These facts have led to the consideration of ammonia as an alternative compound for energy storage or as a carrier. In this sense, this review deals with the evaluation of using green ammonia for different energetic purposes, such as an energy carrier vector, an electricity generator and E-fuel. In addition, this study has addressed the latest studies that propose the use of nitrogen-derived compounds, i.e., urea, hydrazine, ammonium nitrate, etc., as alternative fuels. In this study, the possibility of using other nitrogen-derived compounds, i.e., an update of the ecosystem surrounding green ammonia, has been assessed, from production to consumption, including storage, transportation, etc. Additionally, the future challenges in achieving a technical and economically viable energy transition have been determined.
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“In the context of next-generation carbon-free fuels, ammonia exhibits a liquid volumetric energy density of approximately 12.7 MJ/L [301], which is lower than that of methanol (15.6 MJ/L) and gasoline (32 MJ/L) [302] but significantly higher than that of liquid hydrogen (8.5 MJ/L) [301].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [301]
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Cites
A review on hydrogen production and utilization: Challenges and opportunities
Ishaq, H., Dinçer, İ., & Crawford, C. A. (2021) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.149 · Cited by 1,532
Recent advances in solid oxide cell technology for electrolysis
Hauch, A., Küngas, R., Blennow, P., Hansen, A. B., Hansen, J. B., Mathiesen, B. V., & Mogensen, M. B. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aba6118 · Cited by 1,448
Ammonia for hydrogen storage: challenges and opportunities
Klerke, A., Christensen, C. H., Nørskov, J. K., & Vegge, T. (2008) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b720020j · Cited by 1,409
Hydrogen Production Technologies: From Fossil Fuels toward Renewable Sources. A Mini Review
Megía, P. J., Vizcaíno, A. J., Calles, J. A., & Carrero, A. (2021) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02501 · Cited by 1,276
Hydrogen in energy transition: A review
Kovač, A., Paranos, M., & Marciuš, D. (2021) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.256 · Cited by 1,214
Ammonia and related chemicals as potential indirect hydrogen storage materials
Lan, R., Irvine, J. T. S., & Tao, S. (2011) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.10.004 · Cited by 1,213
Review of cell performance in anion exchange membrane fuel cells
Dekel, D. R. (2017) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.07.117 · Cited by 1,090
Experimental and numerical study of the laminar burning velocity of CH4–NH3–air premixed flames
Okafor, E. C., Naito, Y., Colson, S., Ichikawa, A., Kudo, T., Hayakawa, A., & Kobayashi, H. (2017) · Combustion and Flame · doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.09.002 · Cited by 1,087
Hydrogen production, storage, utilisation and environmental impacts: a review
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Salmon, 2021, Green ammonia as a spatial energy vector: A review. Sustain, Energy Fuels, 5, 2814
- Han, 2020, Comparative effect of ammonia addition on the laminar burning velocities of methane, n-heptane, and iso-octane, Energy Fuels, 35, 7156
- Kopchikov, V. (2020). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Estevez, R., López-Tenllado, F. J., Aguado-Deblas, L., Bautista, F. M., Romero, A. A., & Luna, D.
- Affiliations
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14014 Córdoba, Spain
- University of Córdoba (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Luna, Diego
- ORCID
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-07-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 5451
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4384822289
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 287
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Universidad de Córdoba Insitutional Repository (Universidad de Córdoba) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Spanish MCIN (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- MCIN/AEI10.13039/501100011033 (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- EU “NextGenerationEU/PRTR” (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- Junta de Andalucía (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- FEDER funds (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- Institute of Chemistry, Energy and Environment (QUIEMA) of the University of Córdoba (PID2019-104953RB-I00, TED2021-132224B-I00, P18-RT-4822)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
- Keywords
- green ammonia, ammonia as energy carrier, energy storage, e-fuels, urea, hydrazine, ammonium nitrate, ammonia synthesis, renewable electricity storage, energy transition
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