The DOI matches its Crossref record; 257 of the 258 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Direct CO2 Hydrogenation over Bifunctional Catalysts to Produce Dimethyl Ether—A Review
Open accessAbstract
Hydrogenation of CO2 represents a promising pathway for converting it into valuable hydrocarbons and clean fuels like dimethyl ether (DME). Despite significant research, several challenges persist, including a limited understanding of reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, the necessity for catalyst design to enhance DME selectivity, and issues related to catalyst deactivation. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies from 2012 to 2023, covering various aspects of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and DME. This review primarily focuses on advancing the development of efficient, selective, and stable innovative catalysts for this purpose. Recent investigations that have extensively explored heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation were summarized. A notable focus is on Cu-based catalysts modified with promoters such as Zn, Zr, Fe, etc. Additionally, this context delves into thermodynamic considerations, the impact of reaction variables, reaction mechanisms, reactor configurations, and recent technological advancements, such as 3D-printed catalysts. Furthermore, the paper examines the influence of different parameters on catalyst deactivation. The review offers insights into direct CO2 hydrogenation to DME and proposes paths for future investigation, aiming to address current challenges and advance the field.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Alternative pathways to e-diesel and e-kerosene include the hydrocracking of heavier waxes produced during F-T synthesis [290] or potentially routes via e-methanol as an intermediate [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
In the citing paper
“Emethanol, for example, is synthesized by reacting green hydrogen with captured CO 2 , with renewable electricity being crucial for producing the hydrogen and potentially for powering the direct CO 2 hydrogenation process [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
In the citing paper
“Reacting CO 2 with H 2 can yield a range of gaseous and liquid low-carbon fuels, including methane, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), and higher-value liquid e-Fuels like synthetic gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
Citations
Cites
Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide
Wang, W., Wang, S., Ma, X., & Gong, J. (2011) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c1cs15008a · Cited by 3,316
The Active Site of Methanol Synthesis over Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 Industrial Catalysts
Behrens, M., Studt, F., Kasatkin, I., Kühl, S., Hävecker, M., Abild‐Pedersen, F., Zander, S., Girgsdies, F., Kurr, P., Kniep, B.-L., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1219831 · Cited by 2,718
Active sites for CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol on Cu/ZnO catalysts
Kattel, S. P., Ramírez, P. J., Chen, J. G., Rodríguez, J. A., & Liu, P. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aal3573 · Cited by 1,851
Mechanism of Methanol Synthesis on Cu through CO 2 and CO Hydrogenation
Grabow, L. C., & Mavrikakis, M. (2011) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/cs200055d · Cited by 1,293
Hydrogen Spillover. Facts and Fiction
Prins, R. (2012) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr200346z · Cited by 1,255
CO2 hydrogenation to high-value products via heterogeneous catalysis
Ye, R., Ding, J., Gong, W., Argyle, M. D., Zhong, Q., Wang, Y., Russell, C. K., Xu, Z., Russell, A. G., Li, Q., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13638-9 · Cited by 1,207
Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel
Semelsberger, T. A., Borup, R. L., & Greene, H. L. (2005) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.082 · Cited by 1,204
Zhou, W., Cheng, K., Kang, J., Zhou, C., Subramanian, V., Zhang, Q., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c8cs00502h · Cited by 1,187
State of the art and perspectives in heterogeneous catalysis of CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol
Zhong, J., Yang, X., Wu, Z., Liang, B., Huang, Y., & Zhang, T. (2020) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/c9cs00614a · Cited by 1,159
Directly converting CO2 into a gasoline fuel
Wei, J., Ge, Q., Yao, R., Wen, Z., Fang, C., Guo, L., Xu, H., & Sun, J. Q. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15174 · Cited by 1,095
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 258 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Rahimpour, M.R., Farsi, M., and Makarem, M.A. (2020). Chapter 1—CO2 emission sources, greenhouse gases, and the global warming effect. Advances in Carbon Capture, Woodhead Publishing.
- Prabowo, 2017, State of the Art of Global Dimethyl Ether Production and It’s Potentional Application in Indonesia: Global Dimethyl Ether Production and It’s Potentional Application in Indonesia, Proc. Pak. Acad. Sci. B Life Environ. Sci., 54, 29
- Makmool, U., and Jugjai, S. (2013, January 16–18). Thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions of domestic cooking burners using DME-LPG blends as fuel. Proceedings of the Fourth TSME International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Parraya, Thailand.
- Asakura, 2018, Influence of Injector for Performance of N2O/DME Bipropellant Thruster, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci. Aerosp. Technol. Jpn., 16, 177
- Pawelczyk, E., Łukasik, N., Wysocka, I., Rogala, A., and Gębicki, J. (2022). Recent progress on hydrogen storage and production using chemical hydrogen carriers. Energies, 15. · DOI
- Calatayud, 2017, Application of dual descriptor to understand the activity of Cu/ZrO2 catalysts in the water gas shift reaction, J. Mol. Model., 23, 1
- Somorjai, G.A., and Li, Y. (2010). Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, John Wiley & Sons.
- Lee, S. (1990). Methanol Synthesis Technology, CRC Press.
- Saito, 1998, R&D activities in Japan on methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2, Catal. Surv. Asia, 2, 175, 10.1023/A:1019082525994 · DOI
- Tao, 2001, Co-production of dimethyl ether and methanol from CO2 hydrogenation: Development of a stable hybrid catalyst, Appl. Organomet. Chem., 15, 105, 10.1002/1099-0739(200102)15:2<105::AID-AOC100>3.0.CO;2-B · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41
Ebrahimian, S., Vongsvivut, J. P., Williams, T., & Bhattacharya, S. (2025) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c01966 · Cited by 3
Self-citationFeng, Y., Liu, Y., Yu, X.-T., Liu, J., & Yang, W. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cjche.2025.09.027 · Cited by 2
Emerging Trends in Catalyst Design for the Conversion of CO2 to Dimethyl Ether
Hassan, M. M., Yigitoglu, B., Khan, W. U., Musa, M. T., Islam, M. N., Quddus, M. R., & Hossain, M. M. (2025) · Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13369-025-10980-7 · Cited by 1
Ma, X., Wang, J., Geng, H., Tan, M., Kong, X., Zhang, L., Wang, X. M., Huang, L., Shang, T., Li, Y., et al. (2026) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.6c00980 · Cited by 1
Pathways for Integrated Blue Hydrogen Production with CO2 Utilization: A Review
Prombutra, S., Nimmas, T., Wongsakulphasatch, S., Ratchahat, S., Chanthanumataporn, M., Simasatitkul, L., Chen, S., Hinrichsen, O., & Assabumrungrat, S. (2026) · Green Energy and Resources · doi:10.1016/j.gerr.2026.100207 · Cited by 1
Nurdin, F. R., Annisafitri, H., Hasian, J., Muzaki, R. P., & Towidjojo, S. N. (2025) · Journal of Chemical Engineering Research Progress · doi:10.9767/jcerp.20423 · Cited by 1
Activation of CO, CO2, and H2 Toward Synthetic Fuel Manufacture by Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
Akın, A. N., Ozcan, O., Dogan-Ozcan, M., & Uner, D. O. (2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781837676804-00158
Wiyono, A., Zuldian, P., Rozana, M., Saputro, B. A., Rahma, Q. Z., Nisfah, N., Gandidi, I. M., & Çelik, N. (2026) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2026.109731
New opportunities in MOF-based catalysts for conversion of CO2-to-dimethyl ether
Hassan, A. R., Merican, Z. M. A., Juma, A. K., Haruna, A., & Laziz, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2026.06.040
Cheng, Z., Pang, Y., Lu, H., Song, J., Zhang, H., Wang, F., Wadi, N. I., Agyei‐Tuffour, B., Arıcı, M., Zhang, G., et al. (2026) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.117504
Wang, T., Lin, S., Fu, T., & Li, Z. (2026) · ChemCatChem · doi:10.1002/cctc.71100
Cu,Zn-ZSM-5 catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation via reverse water gas shift (RWGS)
Couto, L. F., da Silva, D. M. D. D., dos Santos, M. B., Cruz, F. T., Fiuza, R. A., Andrade, H. M. C., Valverde, K., & Mascarenhas, A. J. S. (2026) · Catalysis Today · doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2026.116045
Metadata
- Authors
- Ebrahimian, S., & Bhattacharya, S.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bhattacharya, Sankar
- ORCID
- Bhattacharya, Sankar
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-07-26
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3701
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4401015117
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Monash University scholarships for Samira Ebrahimian
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Keywords
- CO2 hydrogenation, dimethyl ether, bifunctional catalysts, heterogeneous catalysis, Cu-based catalysts, catalyst promoters, methanol synthesis, reaction mechanism, thermodynamics, catalyst deactivation, 3D-printed catalysts, reactor configuration, DME selectivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
