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Direct CO2 Hydrogenation over Bifunctional Catalysts to Produce Dimethyl Ether—A Review
Open accessAbstract
Hydrogenation of CO2 represents a promising pathway for converting it into valuable hydrocarbons and clean fuels like dimethyl ether (DME). Despite significant research, several challenges persist, including a limited understanding of reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, the necessity for catalyst design to enhance DME selectivity, and issues related to catalyst deactivation. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies from 2012 to 2023, covering various aspects of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and DME. This review primarily focuses on advancing the development of efficient, selective, and stable innovative catalysts for this purpose. Recent investigations that have extensively explored heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation were summarized. A notable focus is on Cu-based catalysts modified with promoters such as Zn, Zr, Fe, etc. Additionally, this context delves into thermodynamic considerations, the impact of reaction variables, reaction mechanisms, reactor configurations, and recent technological advancements, such as 3D-printed catalysts. Furthermore, the paper examines the influence of different parameters on catalyst deactivation. The review offers insights into direct CO2 hydrogenation to DME and proposes paths for future investigation, aiming to address current challenges and advance the field.
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In the citing paper
“Alternative pathways to e-diesel and e-kerosene include the hydrocracking of heavier waxes produced during F-T synthesis [290] or potentially routes via e-methanol as an intermediate [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
In the citing paper
“Emethanol, for example, is synthesized by reacting green hydrogen with captured CO 2 , with renewable electricity being crucial for producing the hydrogen and potentially for powering the direct CO 2 hydrogenation process [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
In the citing paper
“Reacting CO 2 with H 2 can yield a range of gaseous and liquid low-carbon fuels, including methane, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), and higher-value liquid e-Fuels like synthetic gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel [285].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [285]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ebrahimian, S., & Bhattacharya, S.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Bhattacharya, Sankar
- ORCID
- Bhattacharya, Sankar
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-07-26
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3701
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4401015117
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 258
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Monash University scholarships for Samira Ebrahimian
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Process Chemistry and Technology › Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Keywords
- CO2 hydrogenation, dimethyl ether, bifunctional catalysts, heterogeneous catalysis, Cu-based catalysts, catalyst promoters, methanol synthesis, reaction mechanism, thermodynamics, catalyst deactivation, 3D-printed catalysts, reactor configuration, DME selectivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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