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Cited by 144Chaos-based Image/Signal EncryptionComputer Science and EngineeringCryptographic Implementations and Security

Multiple-Layer Image Encryption Utilizing Fractional-Order Chen Hyperchaotic Map and Cryptographically Secure PRNGs

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Alexan, Wassim, Alexan, Nader, Gabr, Mohamed·2023·Fractal and Fractional
DOI 10.3390/fractalfract7040287
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Abstract

Image encryption is increasingly becoming an important area of research in information security and network communications as digital images are widely used in various applications and are vulnerable to various types of attacks. In this research work, a color image cryptosystem that is based on multiple layers is proposed. For every layer, an encryption key and an S-box are generated and utilized. These are based on a four-dimensional (4D) dynamical Chen system of a fractional-order, the Mersenne Twister, OpenSLL, Rule 30 Cellular Automata and Intel’s MKL. The sequential application of Shannon’s ideas of diffusion and confusion three times guarantees a total distortion of any input plain image, thereby, resulting in a totally encrypted one. Apart from the excellent and comparable performance to other state-of-the-art algorithms, showcasing resistance to visual, statistical, entropy, differential, known plaintext and brute-force attacks, the proposed image cryptosystem provides an exceptionally superior performance in two aspects: a vast key space of 21658 and an average encryption rate of 3.34 Mbps. Furthermore, the proposed image cryptosystem is shown to successfully pass all the tests of the NIST SP 800 suite.

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  • Traditional encryption algorithms such as DES, AES, and IDEA often do not fully meet the unique demands of satellite imagery, where both high security and minimal loss of image detail are required.

    “Traditional encryption algorithms such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), and International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) have been instrumental in protecting data. However, these methods often do not fully meet the unique demands of satellite imagery, where both high security and minimal loss of image detail are required2.”

    From A chaos-based augmented image encryption scheme for satellite images using Fredkin logic (2025) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Introduction says DES and AES are no longer best suited to image encryption, citing security concerns and the need to preserve image quality. It discusses images generally, not satellite imagery, and names 3DES rather than IDEA. The copy therefore does not support the claim’s satellite-specific scope or its inclusion of IDEA. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Alexan, W., Alexan, N., & Gabr, M.
Affiliations
German University in Cairo (EG)
Corresponding author
Alexan, Wassim
ORCID
Venue
Fractal and Fractional
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-03-26
Volume
7
Issue
4
Pages
287
ISSN
2504-3110 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/fractalfract7040287
OpenAlex
W4361007006
Cited by
144
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 28
FWCI
13.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Fractal and Fractional (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Computer Science and Engineering
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Cryptographic Implementations and Security
Keywords
image encryption, four-dimensional dynamical systems, cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators, Mersenne Twister, OpenSSL, Intel MKL, S-box generation, confusion and diffusion, key space, attack resistance

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