Ammonia Production Plants—A Review

Amhamed, Abdulkarem I.; Shuibul Qarnain, Syed; Hewlett, Sally; Sodiq, Ahmed; Abdellatif, Yasser; Isaifan, Rima J.; Alrebei, Odi Fawwaz

doi:10.3390/fuels3030026

Cited by 92Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen ReductionHybrid Renewable Energy SystemsAdvanced Power Generation Technologies

Ammonia Production Plants—A Review

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Amhamed, Abdulkarem I., Shuibul Qarnain, Syed, Hewlett, Sally, Sodiq, Ahmed, Abdellatif, Yasser, Isaifan, Rima J., Alrebei, Odi Fawwaz·2022·Fuels

DOI 10.3390/fuels3030026

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Abstract

Considering the global scientific and industrial effort to utilize ammonia as an alternative to natural gas combustion to run power plants, it is crucial to objectively assess the literature before adjusting or proposing new and advancing techniques in ammonia plants while considering a variety of factors. As a result, this paper assesses the global effort to improve existing ammonia plants and identifies progress by evaluating the currently available dataset to identify knowledge gaps and highlight aspects that have yet to be addressed. Based on the literature reviewed in this study, it was found that the majority of the efforts to advance ammonia plants mainly focus on reducing energy consumption, implementing alternative methods to extract the necessary hydrogen and nitrogen in the process, and changing the cycle arrangement and operating conditions to make the industrial plants more compact. However, regarding carbon reduction in the ammonia production process, it is clear that the effort is less significant when compared to the global scientific and industrial progress in other areas.

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The primary global application of industrially synthesized ammonia is in the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, a sector that consumes a substantial portion of global hydrogen production.
“The primary global application of this industrially synthesized ammonia is in the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, a sector that consumes a substantial portion of global hydrogen production [295], with hydrogen itself being a key feedstock in ammonia production and oil refining, and global hydrogen demand reached 97 Mt in 2023 [56].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [295]
Section 1.1, “The Importance of Ammonia” (page not supplied), lists numerous nitrogenous fertilizers among ammonia’s applications and describes hydrogen as a reactant in synthetic ammonia production. It does not establish that fertilizers are ammonia’s primary global application or state what portion of global hydrogen production the sector consumes. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Authors: Amhamed, A. I., Shuibul Qarnain, S., Hewlett, S., Sodiq, A., Abdellatif, Y., Isaifan, R. J., & Alrebei, O. F.
Affiliations: Hamad bin Khalifa University (QA)
Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation, Kahramaa, Doha P.O. Box 41, Qatar
Cardiff University (GB)
Energy Center, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
Corresponding author: Amhamed, Abdulkarem I.
Alrebei, Odi Fawwaz
ORCID: Amhamed, Abdulkarem I.
Hewlett, Sally
Sodiq, Ahmed
Isaifan, Rima J.
Venue: Fuels
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2022-07-06
Volume: 3
Issue: 3
Pages: 408-435
ISSN: 2673-3994 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/fuels3030026
OpenAlex: W4283831918
Cited by: 92
References: 162
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 2
FWCI: 3.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Fuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP12C-0821-190017)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Power Generation Technologies
Keywords: ammonia synthesis, ammonia fuel, hydrogen production, nitrogen production, energy consumption reduction, carbon emission reduction

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