Alginate gel-based carriers for encapsulation of carotenoids: on challenges and applications
Open accessAbstract
Sodium alginate is one of the most interesting and the most investigated and applied biopolymers due to its advantageous properties. Among them, easy, simple, mild, rapid, non-toxic gelation by divalent cations is the most important. In addition, it is abundant, low-cost, eco-friendly, bio-compatible, bio-adhesive, biodegradable, stable, etc. All those properties were systematically considered within this review. Carotenoids are functional components in the human diet with plenty of health benefits. However, their sensitivity to environmental and process stresses, chemical instability, easy oxidation, low water solubility, and bioavailability limit their food and pharmaceutical applications. Encapsulation may help in overcoming these limitations and within this review, the role of alginate-based encapsulation systems in improving the stability and bioavailability of carotenoids is explored. It may be concluded that all alginate-based systems increase carotenoid stability, but only those of micro- and nano-size, as well as emulsion-based, may improve their low bioaccessibility. In addition, the incorporation of other biopolymers may further improve encapsulation system properties. Furthermore, the main techniques for evaluating the encapsulation are briefly considered. This review critically and profoundly explains the role of alginates in improving the encapsulation process of carotenoids, suggesting the best alternatives for those systems. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive cover of recent advances in this field.
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Alginate gels can encapsulate drugs or cells with minimal adverse effects due to their pH-dependent mild gelling ability.
“Alginate gels can encapsulate drugs or cells with minimal adverse effects due to their pH-dependent mild gelling ability (Milivojević et al., 2023).”
From pH stimuli-responsive hydrogels from non-cellulosic biopolymers for drug delivery. (2023) · cites this paper as Milivojević et al., 2023
Section 4.3.1 (page unavailable) says alginate gels form under mild temperature and pH conditions using non-toxic calcium ions, making the method suitable for sensitive biomolecules or living cells. The Introduction discusses drug delivery, and Section 4.3 discusses cell immobilization. But the paper does not attribute minimal adverse effects in drug or cell encapsulation to *pH-dependent* gelation; it describes mild ionic gelation and pH-dependent acid gelation separately. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Milivojević, M., Popović, A., Pajić-Lijaković, I., Šoštarić, I., Kolašinac, S., & Stevanović, Z. D.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- Venue
- Gels
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-08-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 620
- ISSN
- 2310-2861 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10454207
- OpenAlex
- W4385462939
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Gels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- AgroSpace (University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- TechnoRep (University of Belgrade – Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia (7750160, 451-03-68/2022-14/200135)
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (7750160, 451-03-68/2022-14/200135)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Microencapsulation and Drying Processes
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Keywords
- sodium alginate, carotenoids, encapsulation, bioavailability, micro- and nanoparticles, biopolymer blends, food and pharmaceutical applications
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