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Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects
Open accessAbstract
The article provides an analysis of several aspects of the corpus of surnames used by Jews who lived after the end of the Middle Ages in the territory that today corresponds to the Republic of Georgia. One section covers historical aspects: the earliest attestations and their exact status and the period when the use of surnames became stabilized. The next two sections discuss morphological aspects: the endings found in the surnames and historical, linguistic, and social explanations of the distribution observed, compound names, names with demonymic suffixes, and those based on hypocoristic forms of given names (a detailed coverage of methods of constructing such forms is also provided). In the remaining sections, the reader will find an analysis of phonetic peculiarities found in Georgian Jewish surnames, the types of surnames with their statistical distribution, as well as the description of surnames that were not created in Georgia but were brought as ready-made forms by Jews who migrated during the 19th–20th centuries to Georgia from other territories.
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TL;DR
This article analyzes the historical, morphological, phonetic, and typological aspects of surnames used by Georgian Jews, arguing that hereditary surnames stabilized mainly in the 18th century and that most end in -shvili. It also distinguishes local Georgian Jewish surnames from ready-made surnames brought by 19th–20th-century Jewish migrants, especially Ashkenazim.
Key findings
- The earliest doubtless hereditary surnames appear in the 17th century: Pichkhadze (1644) and Jinjikhashvili (circa 1670); the use of hereditary family names became standard for Georgian Jews during the 18th century, while before the 19th century surnames were not yet an integral part of the Georgian Jewish naming system.
- Of 379 surnames in Table 3, 92% end in -shvili, 2% in -dze, 1% in -oti, 1% in -eli, 2% in -ovi/-evi, and 2% in other endings. More than 350 different surnames were used by Georgian Jews; Table 7 classifies 367 surnames as 56% patronymic, 8% matronymic, 23% nickname-based, 7% occupational, and 6% toponymic.
- Morphological and phonetic features of Georgian Jewish surnames are generally not specifically Jewish; they are shared with Georgian Christian surnames, though Judeo-Georgian pronunciation of Hebrew and Russian-language intermediation produced distinctive variants.
- Among 20th-century Tbilisi tombstone surnames, 83% are Ashkenazic, 12% Georgian, and 5% Mountain Jewish or Bukharan (total 2411 surnames); Ashkenazic migrants came with ready-made surnames, while some Mountain Jews acquired surnames only after migration to Georgia.
Methods
- Historical-linguistic corpus analysis of surnames used by Jews in the territory of modern Georgia after the Middle Ages, drawing on published documents, censuses (e.g., Tskhinvali 1781, Kareli 1781, Kutaisi 1850, 1886 census), tombstones, and prior scholarship.
- Morphological analysis of endings, compound names, demonymic suffixes, and hypocoristic formation; phonetic analysis of Georgian, Russian, and Judeo-Georgian variation; statistical tabulation of surname endings and types.
- Comparative analysis with Georgian Christian surname distributions and with migrant Jewish groups, including Ashkenazic, Mountain Jewish, Bukharan, and Krymchak surnames.
Limitations
- Paper-stated: scarcity of historical documents before the 17th century prevents determining when Georgian Jews began using hereditary family names; the exact status of early -shvili and -dze forms can be firmly determined only with genealogical data; absence of earlier references must be complemented by additional factors.
- Paper-stated: several etymologies and scenarios are theoretical or conjectural, including some -ov(i)/-ev(i) origins, the Manasherashvili progenitor, and possible borrowing from Christians; some sources are corrupted or ambiguous.
- Evident from the text: the corpus depends on available sources that are geographically and socially uneven, with women and serfs underrepresented before the 19th century, and transliteration or Russian intermediary forms create uncertainty in identifying exact Georgian consonants.
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139 No basis given · 117 Own interpretation · 56 Own result · 49 Sources not found · 14 Not checked yet · 5 Own method
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In the paper
“Comparing the above information about Jewish and Christian surnames, we can observe that both groups show similar behavior for surnames ending in -eli only.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The corpus of surnames analyzed in Table 3 is representative of Georgian Jewish surnames in the 19th-20th centuries.
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In the paper
“A large majority of surnames of Georgian Jews are based on the Georgian language.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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“Exceptional Jewish surnames ending in -ia and -uri are unattested in the areas where Christian surnames with these endings were frequently used.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“for Christians of Kareli, -shvili was also more commonly used than -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“For peasants, as discussed above, it was similar enough to that of aznaurebi.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“In Tskhinvali, the ending -shvili was typical for Georgian Christian surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelationaln = 108- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The oldest known surnames whose hereditary character is doubtless appear in the 17th century: Danela Pichkhadze was a Jewish serf donated in 1644 to the Gelati monastery, and brothers Matvala and Shalia Jinjikhashvili were serfs living in Mdzovreti (near Kareli) circa 1670.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
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In the paper
“In the town of Lailashi, the only place in Lechkhumi where the population was not exclusively Georgian, all twelve Jewish surnames end in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“both groups show similar behavior for surnames ending in -eli only.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In Guria, a small group of surnames has the ending -(n)t ˙i, unknown in other regions.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“All surnames from Akhaltsikhe and its neighboring villages known to us appear in sources compiled after 1829, when the area was already cut from the Ottoman empire and attached to Georgia, which in turn was already a part of the Russian Empire.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“For this series of names, we can be sure that they appeared during the 19th century, after the incorporation of Georgia to the Russian Empire.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“Globally, it is also well correlated with the fact-discussed above-that during the 19th century, surnames were not an integral part of the Georgian Jewish naming system yet.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
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“The scarcity of historical documents dealing with Georgian Jews before the 17th century does not allow us to determine the period when Georgian Jews started to use hereditary family names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
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“In the town of Oni, the administrative center of Racha, all seventeen surnames borne by Jews end in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“During the second half of the 19th century, the internal /s/ was dropped altogether in Georgian surnames (independently of the religion),”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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“For example, the census of 1781 lists surnames for 108 Christian families.Among them, 88 end in -shvili (80 percent) and 22 in -dze (20 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“Numerous examples of forms including the suffix -is or, much more commonly, its shortened form -s appear in the 18th century.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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“In certain forms appearing in the 17th century, we can already observe the elision of the initial vowel of the suffix -is: Matavala-s-shvil-i and Tsetsela-s-shvil-i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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“in Tbilisi, the number of different surnames ending in -shvili is larger than that ending in -dze”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“The above geographic distribution indicates that these surnames were most likely adopted locally.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Area/Place Surnames
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“The oldest known examples include the genitive suffix -is: compare Bu ǧapa-is-dze (1260, with the final stem vowel -a not dropped) and Elioz-is-dze (circa 1520).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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In the paper
“The distribution for aznaurebi was quite different: 35 ending in -dze (49 percent), 19 in -shvili (26 percent), and 18 in other endings (25 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“The Russified forms were typical for northwestern Kartli, that is, Tskhinvali and its area.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“For Jews, the earliest examples are known already in the 17th century: compare Pichkha-dze and Khakhana-shvil-i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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“The number of surnames with other endings is small.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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- Rests on an assumption: The corpus of surnames analyzed in Table 3 is representative of Georgian Jewish surnames in the 19th-20th centuries.
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In the paper
“Local families had names with the following endings: eleven -dze, ten -ani, one -shvili, and three others.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“even in 1845, the ending -shvili was used in Georgian Christian documents to indicate patronymics in western Kartli.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“One can observe that a large majority of surnames end in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The corpus of surnames analyzed in Table 3 is representative of Georgian Jewish surnames in the 19th-20th centuries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that a large majority of surnames end in -shvili represents the main peculiarity of the Jewish corpus.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“In eastern areas such as Kakheti and the eastern part of Kartli, almost all surnames end in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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“During the next two centuries, they became commonly used in all social groups.60”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [60]
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“At that moment, such names are restricted to low social strata.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
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“It is only in the 20th century that we find the first reference to Mamistvalishvili”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
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“We know no examples of Georgian Orthodox Christian masters who assigned their own names to their serfs.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
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“For toponyms ending in -a or -e, this final vowel of their stem is dropped: Guria > Guri-el-i-shvil-i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“A small set of names based on nicknames combine a noun (k ˙at ˙a 'cat', khakhvi 'onion', tapli 'honey') and ċhamia 'eater': K ˙at ˙aċhamiashvili, Khakhviċhamiashvili, and Tapliċhamiashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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- Rests on an assumption: In genitive forms, during the addition of -is, the elision of the last vowel present in the stem can take place.
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“Iak ˙obishvili has as its root Iak ˙obi, the Georgian form of Jacob.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
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“For this reason, we have such pairs as Davidashvili and Davitashvili, Ia ǩobishvili and Iak ˙obishvili, Iskhak ˙ashvili and Isaak ˙ashvili, Shim ǩonashvili and Simonishvili, Moshiashvili and Mosiashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
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“Yet, in Pitimashvili from the same Pit ˙imashvili, we observe the replacement of the internal ejective by its aspirated equivalent because the initial consonant is aspirated.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
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In the paper
“Its initial letters coincide with the male given name K ˙oba used by Georgian Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moshiashvili and Mosiashvili are based on hypocoristic forms of the Jewish (Moshe) and Georgian Christian (Mose) variants of Moses.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The assimilation of consonants can also occur at a distance: Chanchanashvili from Chanchalashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same alternation between the Jewish ǩ and the Christian k ˙can be observed in surnames based on hypocoristic forms of Jacob: Ǩoboshvili and K ˙oboshvili, Ǩo ǩuashvili and K ˙ok ˙uashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As it can be seen from Table 4, the majority of hypocoristic forms of given names end in -a.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
- Rests on an assumption: When -a is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Tbilisi, we find a few examples of surnames ending in -ot ˙i: K ˙atsot ˙i, K ˙azhilot ˙i, and K ˙ezerot ˙i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain Georgian Christian given names that became sources for Jewish surnames are of Turkish origin-for example, Aivaz(i), the base for Aivazashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, even during that period, hypocoristic forms ending in suffixes including /k ˙/ were rare.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surname Manasherashvili is based on Manashera, a form related to biblical Manasseh.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In more recent sources, we find At ˙anelashvili or its Russified variant At ˙anelov(i).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of them encompasses biblical names that represent either Jewish or Christian forms.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Mek ˙inulashvili illustrates this pattern: its root *me-ǩinul-e is related to ǩinul-i 'ice'.51”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [51]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Not matched
In the paper
“In total, among 82 Jewish surnames of these types ending in -shvili, the preceding vowel is: 'a' (58 percent), 'i' (24 percent), 'o' (2 percent), and one variant with 'a' and another with 'o' (16 percent).59”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [59]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous Jewish forms from Table 4 were not limited to Jews but were used by Christians too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Jews, such surnames are particularly common.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A large number of surnames are based on diminutive forms.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kurchishvili results from Kurkchishvili after the simplification of the consonantal cluster.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If a place name ends in the suffix -et-i 'land of' or -is-i, these endings are also dropped: Ajam-et-i > Ajam-el-a-shvil-i, Ksovr-is-i (or Ksovr-et-i) > Ksovre-l-i, (M)dzor-et-i > Dzor-el-a-shvil-i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small group of surnames-Abajanashvili and Abatkhanashvili-have Muslim given names as their sources.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is in surnames drawn from given names that -a and other diminutive suffixes are particularly commonly present.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
- Rests on an assumption: When -a is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The stem of several surnames ending in -shvili represents a compound word composed of two stems.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In several cases, we observe an assimilation of vowels.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A statistical analysis of 184 Jewish patronymic surnames ending in -shvili shows the following distribution by the vowel that precedes this ending: 78 percent of 'a', 7 percent of 'i', 6 percent of 'o', and 11 percent of surnames for which two variants, one with 'a' and another with 'o', exist.58”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [58]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet surnames based on such forms are quite common for Georgian Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surname Mat ˙sk ˙e ṗlishvili is an example.Its initial part, m-t ˙sk ˙e ṗ-el-i, is a participle of the verb t ˙sk ˙e ṗa 'to cane'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The form Mamistvalashvili is present in numerous sources from the 17th-19th centuries.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For some other Georgian given names, no reference of their use by Georgian Jews is found in available sources.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, we find such pairs as Baluashvili and Balvashvili, Chakhvashvili and Chakhuashvili, Chik ˙vashvili and Chik ˙uashvili, Tsitsuashvili and Tsitsvashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: The vowel /u/, when placed before /a/, sounds close to the consonant /v/.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is in the 15th century that hypocoristic forms of male given names start to appear as the roots of surnames of Georgian Christians.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the vicinity of an ejective consonant, an aspirated one can be replaced with its ejective counterpart: compare Rok ˙et ˙lishvili from Rok ˙etlishvili (the change from t to t ˙being related to the presence of k ˙)63 and Ṗit ˙imashvili from Pit ˙imashvili (the initial consonant changes because of the presence of t ˙).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zhut ˙iashvili gave rise to the variant Ċhut ˙iashvili after the replacement of the initial consonant by an aspirated unvoiced affricate because of the presence of t ˙(another aspirated unvoiced consonant) in the following syllable.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can observe that the number of surnames based on male given names is larger than that of all other types taken together.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Numerous surnames are based on hypocoristic forms of biblical names.71”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 20th century, for some Jewish surnames, several alternate Georgian spellings are attested.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This given name, with /r/ that is absent from the biblical form, does not appear in available sources from Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Male given names that became sources for patronymic surnames belong to several categories.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A large category includes surnames based on Georgian Christian non-biblical given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The reduplication of one of the syllables or just its consonants is another method.For Christians, we find it, for example, in *Gaga from Gabriel.57”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The suffix -a is particularly common.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among initial parts of the Jewish surnames ending in -shvili, we find such examples as *Jajana, K ˙ak ˙a, K ˙ok ˙o, *Khakhua, *Khukha, and *Shashua.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is only in this category that surnames having no patronymic endings are relatively numerous: Khot ˙eveli, K ˙rikheli, Ksovreli, Di ǧvireli, and possibly K ˙anzaveli.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two brothers, Osman and Abdulla Topchiashvili (topchi 'gunsmith'), appear at the end of the 18th century in western Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For both known bearers of the last name Levioğli (born in 1883 and 1902), Levi was the given name of their father(s).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, for the earliest known bearers of the surname Pasha-Oğli in Tbilisi (born in 1895, 1904, and 1910, apparently three brothers), Pasha was the given name of their father.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Documents dealing with Jews from Batumi (Adjara) from the same period also refer to Ashkenazim only.78”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As in almost all other Jewish communities, we find surnames designating the belonging of their bearers to Jewish castes: Koenishvili (Cohen) and Levishvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of the above names-as, for example, Abramov, Aronov, Babaev, Badalov, Danielov, Davidov, Gavrilov, Simkhaev, and Suleymanov-are also used by Bukharan Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet more than 150 surnames (that is, about forty percent of all Jewish surnames) are shared by both religious groups.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same merging process was valid at the same period for members of several other originally Ashkenazic families including Mesengiser, 81 Minovich, and Fizitskiy.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outside of the purely administrative context, surnames were often non-existing.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple surnames are based on nicknames related to some non-professional characteristics of their bearers.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a few cases, -shvili was added directly to the toponym: Ba ǧdadishvili, Digurashvili, and K ˙as ṗishvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Matronymic surnames are significantly less frequently found than the patronymic ones.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several last names known in 20th-century Tbilisi have patronymic endings typical for inhabitants of former Persian and/or Ottoman provinces.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some other Jewish surnames seem to be based on hypocoristic forms of given names that are commonly used today in Georgia: Eterashvili from Eteri, Laliashvili from Lali or Lala, and Lelu(ch)ashvili from Lela.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, archival documents from that city indicate the presence in 1836 of the following Jews: Brodskiy, Eydel'son, Krimskiy, Ladizhinskiy (Ladyzhinskiy), Magilevskiy (Mogilevskiy), Meshingiser, Sakharov, Sal'man, Shteyn, Tsmelyanskiy (Smelyanskiy), and Zaydenberg.77”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No trace of any other Sephardic or Italian name is found in other matronymic or patronymic surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the corpus of surnames borne by Georgian Jews, we do not find doubtless examples of migrated surnames, that is, names brought as ready-made by migrants from other countries.75”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The corpus of surnames borne by Georgian Jews is sufficiently comprehensive to support claims of absence of migrated surnames.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other surnames including this suffix in their structure end in -shvili: Ajamelashvili, Alelishvili, At ˙enelashvili, Ba ǧdadlishvili, Dzorelashvili, Gaznelishvili, Gorelishvili, Gurielishvili, and Rok ˙et ˙lishvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gradually, the number of these migrantsprimarily originating from the Pale of Settlement-exceeded the number of local Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the areas in question, local Jews mainly acquired surnames only after the annexation of these territories by the Russian Empire.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“For example, in the list of 47 Jews of Sukhumi (Abkhazia) who donated some money in 1901 to Zionist activities (David 1989, vol. 2, p. 373), we find 45 bearers of Ashkenazic names and two men with the surname Kag'ya (Kaгья in Russian), a specifically Krymchak surname.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites David 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The census of Kutaisi made in 1850 (Berdzenishvili 1945, pp.315-28) is the earliest available source that provides a representative list of female given names used by Georgian Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Berdzenishvili 1945
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No Jewish bearer of Vantsovskiy, also used by Georgian Jews during the second half of the 20th century, is known in Eastern Europe.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All of them end in the Georgian demonymic suffix -eli.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, in the list of Jewish migrants who came to Tbilisi from Vartashen (now Oğuz, western Azerbaijan) during the 20th century compiled by a local Jewish historian, surnames are provided only for physicians and authors who lived at the end of the century, but not for tradesmen who moved there during the first two decades (Shirin 2010, pp.131-34).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Shirin 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, these names have forms of Russian patronymics ending in the suffixes -ov or -ev and having a male given name as their root.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is in that city that we find the earliest references to Charukhchev (from the Ottoman Turkish noun meaning 'maker and/or seller of rawhide sandals', compare modern Turkish çarıkçı), Kurkchishvili (from kurkchi 'furrier'), and Mek ˙inulashvili (from me ǩinule 'one who works/deals with ice').”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondly, it is the case when the surname root is identical to the father's given name-for example, Iosif Shamailovich (that is, Joseph, the son of Samuel) Shamailov, born in 1880.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no doubtless examples of surnames borne by Georgian Jews before the 20th century that would be borrowed from Georgian Christian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the second half of the 20th century, certain bearers of the last surname were already considered Georgian Jews.80”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis of female given names and family names based on them is difficult because of the extreme scarcity of references to women-other than queens-in Georgian sources written before the 19th century.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patronymic surnames of this kind were discussed above in this section: they cover about two thirds of the shared names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a few cases, new variants seem to appear already in Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of surnames of toponymic origin is small.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet the form Musastikov, derived from Musashchikov, seems to appear in Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In certain places, the Ashkenazic newcomers were the only Jews present.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No reference was found outside of Georgia for Melukha, another family of Ashkenazic stock.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Not all Mountain Jews coming to Tbilisi had already fixed surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In Sukhumi, the largest city of Abkhazia, the same source speaks about 974 Jews, of which 215 were Georgian (Gachechiladze 2021, p. 9).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gachechiladze 2021 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not checked yet
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, one can observe that only surnames ending in -shvili are used by families for which typical Armenian given names (Akop, Arutyun, Baghdasar, Sarkis, etc.) are either borne by family heads or represent the surname roots.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Jewish inhabitants of these places mainly bore Georgian-sounding surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 79
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the census of Tskhinvali made in 1781 (see its discussion in Section 2, immediately before Table 1), names ending in -shvili dominate for all inhabitants independently of their religion.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The number of surnames brought to Georgia as ready-made forms by Jewish migrants from other regions of the Russian Empire and later the USSR is significantly larger than that of surnames borne by local Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Achkinazi, Bakshi, and Konfino are surnames of Krymchak origin known in Tbilisi (JCG 2016).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites JCG 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed in this article, more than 350 different surnames were used by Georgian Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Therefore, it is not a surprise that last names based on it, hereditary or patronymic, were commonly found among various, apparently unrelated, Christian families”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites K ˙ldiashvili and Surguladze 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Yet Georgian sources show that the given name Elioz, a local variant of biblical Elias 'Elijah', was used by Christians too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Luk'yanchenko (Lukyanchenko), Bashkarev, and Chaplygin are examples of these originally East Slavic Christian surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the mid-19th century, this /s/ could also be dropped in patronymics.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 47
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They corroborate the assertion by Mamistvalishvili (2011, p. 98) about almost all Jewish inhabitants of Batumi in 1899 (about 200 families) being recent Ashkenazic migrants.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mamistvalishvili 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 200- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, the influx of Ashkenazim was mainly oriented to Tbilisi.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 79
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, Georgian Jews in the capital city of Georgia were not local either: their families migrated during the same period from Akhaltsikhe and other places in Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 79
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surnames Ṗa ṗiashvili and Tsitsiashvili are used by Georgian Christians too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A document compiled in 1751 refers to Mamistvalant Dzagiashvili Moshia, that is, Moshia, the son of Dzagia, from the Mamistvalashvili family”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 28
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, as indicated in the previous footnote, the reference to the Jewish Eliozisdze is placed in (K ˙ldiashvili and Surguladze 1993, p. 127) to the first third of the 16th century rather than to 1392.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites K ˙ldiashvili and Surguladze 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The non-fixed character of surnames can be illustrated by the use of several different forms in the same family: the grandfather Khudad-Oğli (born 1898), apparently his sons Khudodat-ogli (born 1935) and Khudadov (born 1942), and his grandson Khudadatov (born 1961).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Kutaisi, and especially smaller localities such as Tskhinvali, Kulashi, Oni, and Sujuna, the proportions of Georgian Jews in the total Jewish population were much higher than in Tbilisi.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 79
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surnames ending in -dze are restricted to Georgian Christians.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several tombstones belong to 'subbotniki', the families of ethnic East Slavs who abandoned Christianity and converted to Judaism.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Such forms do not appear in other sources (for example, JCG 2016).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites JCG 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We do find Jewish surnames based on full forms of given names”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Christian surnames ending in -ashvili and -adze are commonly found in (K ˙ldiashvili et al. 1991, 2015) and modern Georgian sources.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites K ˙ldiashvili et al. 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites K ˙ldiashvili et al. 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They do not explain, however, the absence of Jewish surnames ending in -dze in that area.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Meskheti, the chronological factor could be decisive.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Lechkhumi, a region situated west of Racha and north of Imereti, the difference between Jews and non-Jews is even more striking.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the same conjecture can help to explain the fact that 20-25 percent of Georgian Christians have names ending in -shvili in Imereti.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, if we want to avoid speculative assertions, it would be logical to consider that it was precisely during that period that the Georgian Jewish surnames were mainly formed.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The earliest references in available sources approximate the period when surnames were actually formed.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Very few scholarly studies of surnames used by Jews who lived in the territory that today corresponds to the Republic of Georgia have been published until now.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gagulashvili 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gagulashvili 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Enoch 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This way, such forms are no more than morphological variants of other surnames, those ending in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Etymologically, the most common patterns of forming last names in Georgia-those with the endings -dze 'son of' and -shvil-i 'child of'-involve the genitive case of the preceding word.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is plausible that all names ending in -shvili appeared there already after the end of the Ottoman period following the Georgian standard pattern at that time.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adoption of surnames by Georgian Jews seems to be recent enough”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed in Section 3, historical sources show that for the last few centuries, the cradle of Georgian Jewry was situated in a compact area covering western Kartli (Tskhinvali, Kareli, and their areas), Meskheti (Akhaltsikhe and its area), and Imereti (Kutaisi and its area).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can observe that for Christians of Lechkhumi, surnames ending in -shvili were marginal.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These factors show that in this area, the Jewish pattern of forming surnames was clearly influenced by the local Christian culture.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
boosteddirectn = 108- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indirectly, this information implies that the surname Dzorelashvili was created after 1781.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
hedgedn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in Georgia, surnames ending in -shvili appear to be precisely more recent than those ending in -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suffix should represent a dialectal form of -ant.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Formulated this way, this scenario is too simplistic and implausible.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, the fre-quency of use of surnames ending in -dze is significantly larger than the same parameter for surnames ending in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar phenomenon, with a loss of voice, can be responsible for the given name Shapata, a phonetic variant of Shabata.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plainconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain other reasons for variation are phonetic.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the second, Christian, column of Table 4 is based on sources from the 15th-17th centuries, the explanation of the observed difference is chronological.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional group of variants is related to forms of biblical names coming from different biblical traditions: Judeo-Georgian and Georgian Orthodox Christian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, if a given name is specifically Jewish in a place where Jews represent a small minority, then this name can be a distinctive feature for all neighbors, Jews and non-Jews, and so a potential basis for an individual nickname.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, in Ia ǩobishvili, the internal ǩ comes from the Judeo-Georgian reading of the letter ayin present in the Hebrew spelling of Jacob .)יעקב ( 68”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It would be even less plausible that before the 20th century, traditional Georgian Jews could themselves adopt the surnames of their owners 72 or those of their other Christian neighbors.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the odds are high that the last form is secondary.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet patronymics, especially those based on common given names, can hardly serve as individual nicknames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indirectly, they also imply that these families were not recent migrants to Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Jewish names based on hypocoristic forms with /k ˙/ are more recent: they are likely to be formed after the 17th century.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Georgian participles are formed by adding the prefix m-and the suffix -el-i to the verbal stem (Chikobava 1967, p. 52).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967, p. 52
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Data for the second column, the one dealing with Christian examples, correspond to forms of only three full names: biblical Davit-i 'David' and Gabriel-i 'Gabriel' (they start with Da-and Gab-, respectively) and Giorg-i 'George', one of the most commonly used names for Georgian Christians (all other forms).54”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [54]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of them was already discussed above, namely, a combination of two nouns in which the first one appears in a genitive case: Mamistvalishvili and Ṗa ṗisimedishvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In Georgian, the assimilation of consonants is a common phenomenon (Chikobava 1967, p. 28).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967, p. 28
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“A voiced consonant placed before an unvoiced one also becomes unvoiced.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967, p. 28
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same phenomenon explains the variant Khot ˙oveli instead of the etymological Khot ˙eveli.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some alternative Georgian spellings could appear after the incorrect back transcription from Russian to Georgian-for example, from Georgian At ˙anelashvili (ატანელაშვილი) to Russian Atanelashvili (Aтaнeлaшвили) to Georgian Atanelashvili (ათანელაშვილი).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Russian was the official language of the Russian Empire and the USSR, so Russian spelling was the basic one for certain surnames in Georgia.
In the paper
“The remaining part, -ivan-, looks like a suffix that could have here either a patronymic or a diminutive role.52”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [52]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Yet a close form, Manashir, was commonly used by Mountain Jews (Danilova 2000, p. 195).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Danilova 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These references show an important degree of cultural assimilation of Georgian Jews at that period.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Names of certain occupations are constructed by adding the prefix me-and the suffix -e to the object of the work (Chikobava 1967, p. 34).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967, p. 34
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, for the son of Abrami 'Abraham', his patronymic, Abramishvili, is not a distinctive feature if there are several men called Abrami in the same place.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same absence of /f/ in Georgian also explains the form Pizitsk ˙i for the Ashkenazic surname spelled Fizycki in Polish and Fizitskiy (Φизицкий) in Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Georgian lacks the phoneme /f/, with the aspirated p as the closest sound.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no reason to consider that we face here a Jewish peculiarity.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
In the paper
“For stems ending in a sonorant preceded by a vowel such as -al, -am, -an, -ar, -el, -ol, or -or, the disappearing of this vowel is regular.49”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [49]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The change was influenced by the stressed /a/ of the first syllable.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, we cannot exclude a possibility that some Mountain Jews acquired their surnames already after the migration to Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apparently, it was constituted by other groups of Jews, mainly local: those who moved to this city from various parts of modern Georgia and/or those with Romaniote and/or Mizrahi roots from the territories of modern eastern Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such names are based on sobriquets that could be assigned by Jewish or non-Jewish neighbors.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Musashchikov could exist in eastern Belorussia because it is in that region that we find its variant forms Musyashchikov and Masashchikov (Beider 2008).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Beider 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to various elements discussed in this paper, it appears that Akhaltsikhe (Turkish Ahıska), the administrative center of an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, was an important source for the Jewish congregations present in the territory of modern Georgia during the 17th-20th centuries.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total absence of examples of surnames of Sephardic or Italian origins indicates that the Jewish population of Akhaltsikhe (before Jewish migrations from that city) was not formed by migrants from major Ottoman Jewish centers.76”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous occupational, nickname-based, and toponymic surnames are also not specifically Jewish, because the same characteristics were valid for the first bearers independently of the religion.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surname Leviashvili, based on Levia, a hypocoristic form of Levi, is almost surely patronymic.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is particularly plausible in two cases.Firstly, this is applicable for forms that do not appear in available lists of surnames used by Mountain Jews outside of Georgia as, for example, patronymic forms Saraydarov, Nagdiev, and Yunisov, 83 as well as Ilou and Ninish coinciding with given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedconditionaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Bukharan origin is plausible only for a few surnames (for example, Alaev) for which references are well known in the Jewish communities of Central Asia but absent from available sources dealing with Mountain Jews.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because of the geographic proximity, the Mountain Jewish origin of these families is much more plausible.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to the testimony by Joseph Judah Chorny recorded in the 1860s, Jews of Akhaltsikhe were speakers of both Georgian and Turkish (Ter-Oganov 2019, p. 104).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 41
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ter-Oganov 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The marker is irrelevant for such a distinction: it can be present or not present in both hereditary and non-hereditary names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most likely, the surnames are based on the given names of the grandfathers, in honor of whom these men were named.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its absence is related to the time (before or after the standardization was completed) and not to the status of a name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“similarly to the suffix -ant, the elements -ot or -at (that is, without the final -i) precede the given name of the person”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 29
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ṗa ṗismedovi 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is surely based on the name Хохвик, which appears in the list of the leaders of the Tskhinvali community in 1869 originally published in the Hebrew press.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A curious example of Russification appears in a document of 1831 dealing with Jews from the village of Breti (Gori district): a plural Russian form Davarishvilebovy”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 24
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites David 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The simplification of consonantal clusters from sshvili to shvili and from sdze to dze looks like a regressive assimilation.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 47
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The last example seems to be erroneous.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sample is surely too small to allow for any extrapolation.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
boostedn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This elision characterizes not only the genitive, but also several other grammatical cases (Basheleishvili 2007, p. 151).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Basheleishvili 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, in all these cases, we are surely dealing with a hereditary surname.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The situation in Tbilisi should not be extrapolated to that of other places in Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 79
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surname Injashvili from Akhaltsikhe is likely to be derived from Turkish ince 'thin'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 41
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, his idea does not provide any explanation for the resulting vowel.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 47
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet it illustrates a phenomenon similar to that observed for Jews: the use by a representative of a religious minority (having a similar social position as Jews: both groups dominated in the domain of trade) of -shvili rather than -dze in the territory where the local Georgian Christians mainly used surnames ending in -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
plaincorrelationaln = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In Georgian words having two or three syllables, the vowel of the first syllable is stressed.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 47
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Zavlunishivili is another example of Georgianizing of an original non-Georgian surname.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most likely, they were assigned in this form precisely during this period.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 41
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most likely, in both cases, the Azeri patronymic became a hereditary family name during the first half of the 20th century only.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The information provided in this section shows that his consideration is inaccurate.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the first four women, their name ending in -kizi can be just their patronymic rather than a hereditary surname.84”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the last case, Mekhtikidze seems to be a Georgianized form of Mekhtikizi, with the ending replaced by -dze, a common ending of Georgian surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The elision of /s/ is likely to be motivated phonetically.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 47
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In that region, sources from the turn of the 20th century indicate the presence of numerous Laz family names ending in -shvili (Gogokhia 2019, p. 71).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 41
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gogokhia 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Ṗa ṗismedovi (1996, p. 9) notes that when naming a person in Tskhinvali, the forms ending in -ant or -ent precede the given name of the person”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 28
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ṗa ṗismedovi 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This factor makes the etymological link between this name and Georgian t ˙ro ǩi 'very fat' plausible.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The closest Kartvelian suffixes are -ovan-i ad -evan-i, used to create adjectives from nouns primarily in Mingrelia, Svaneti, and eastern Lazistan (Vogt 1971, p. 232; Gogokhia 2019, p. 16).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Vogt 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gogokhia 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No information available to us suggests that they are less common than names ending in -ishvili and -idze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 92
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
- Probably not a substantial claim. 62
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These surnames were found not only in areas that were transitory for Christians between the -dze and -shvili territories (near such localities as Oni and Kareli), but also in Imereti, where such surnames were significantly less common for Christians than those ending in -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Jews, the last assertion is corroborated by the fact that the three oldest known Jewish last names ending in a patronymic suffix end in -dze: Bu ǧapaisdze, Eliozisdze, and Pichkhadze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both surnames, Pichkhadze and Jinjikhashvili, survived until our days, and both are based on Georgian nicknames: compare pichkhi 'branch cuttings' and jinjikhi 'lukewarm', respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Globally speaking, morphological peculiarities of Jewish surnames in Georgia are not specifically Jewish.We find them in the surnames of Christians too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same dilemma is still valid for certain last names ending in -shvili 'child of' appearing until the mid-19th century.”
- Also stated in: § 2. History of Names · boosted
“There is no doubt that in the above list, all forms ending in -shvili are not surnames but patronymics.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Before the 19th century, there was no legal obligation to have a hereditary surname for any inhabitant of Georgia regardless of religion.
- Also stated in: § 2. History of Names · boosted
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These surnames mainly end in -shvili, and none of them end in -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“11 surnames end in -shvili (30 percent), 23 in -dze (62 percent), and 3 in other endings (8 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A few Jewish surnames ending inot ˙i/-oti are not from Guria: as explained above in this section, they have no link to Gurian Christian surnames ending in -(n)t ˙i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among surnames in the same town based on the Georgian language that were borne by non-Jews (mainly Georgian Christians and also possibly some Armenians), 16 end in -shvili (27 percent), 32 in -dze (54 percent), and 11 have other endings (19 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet 45 percent of inhabitants have surnames ending in -dze, and only 30 percent have surnames ending in -shvili (Nikonov 1988, p. 154).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nikonov 1988, p. 154
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In western provinces such as Imereti and Guria, surnames ending in -dze are by far the most commonly used (about two thirds of the total), though those ending in -shvili cover 20-25 percent.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Georgian Christians, surnames ending in -eli appear in various regions, but their total number is small.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Svaneti (northwestern mountainous part of Georgia), surnames ending in -(i)ani 'belonging to' largely dominate.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the census of the province of Racha (1886), only eleven different surnames were borne by tavadebi: five ending in -dze, six ending in various other suffixes, and none ending in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this list, Pichkhadze-as discussed in the previous section-is the oldest known Georgian Jewish surname, attested for the first time during the first half of the 17th century.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the latter, in towns situated on the Kura River, the proportion between names with these two endings changes dramatically from west to east: in Khashuri, 76 percent end in -dze and 24 percent in -shvili; in Kareli, 40 percent and 59 percent; in Gori, 28 percent and 66 percent; and in Kaspi, 10 percent and 85 percent.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surnames and their roots mainly have the form of a noun or an adjective.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In northeastern Georgia, surnames usually end in -uri or -uli.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among surnames borne by Christians, only one ends in -shvili, six in -dze, one in -ani, one in another Georgian ending, and three (most likely borne by Armenians) in the Russian suffix -ov.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Mingrelia, surnames mainly end in -ia, -ua, or -ava.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Gradually, this internal genitive-case-related /s/ disappeared with only the forms in which -shvil-i or -dze follow a kept vowel.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In several forms, we observe the interchange between /sh/ and /ch/ (Chelelashvili from Shalelashvili in Sachkhere (Imereti) and Lelushashvili from Leluchashvili), 64 /ch/ and /ts/ (Tsik ˙vashvili from Chik ˙vashvili, Chkhvirashvili from Tskhvirashvili).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Abramkhaimashvili is derived from a double given name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small category covers surnames based on non-biblical Hebrew given names: Bekhorishvili, Khaimashvili, and Khanukashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some other surnames are drawn from forms of biblical names that were both Jewish and Christian (Abramishvili, Aronishvili, Danielashvili, Eliashvili, Gabrielishvili, Iosebashvili from Joseph, Israelashvili, Mordekhashvili from Mordecai), specifically Jewish (Iekhisk ˙ielishvili from Ezekiel, Shimshonashvili from Samson), 70 or Georgian Christian (Eliozishvili from Elijah).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several surnames exist in two variants: one with /o/and another with /a/, or one with /i/ and another with /e/: Kosashvili and Kasashvili, Mot ˙sonashvili and Mot ˙sanashvili, Tsatsiashvili and Tsotsiashvili, Taplishvili and Toplishvili, Mirilashvili and Mirelashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observe this regressive assimilation in Ekhisk ˙elashvili derived from Ekhizk ˙elashvili 62 and Shaptoshvili from Shabtoshvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, At ˙enelashvili is the oldest attested form, and, moreover, the /e/ in the second syllable conforms to the idea that this name is derived from the toponym At ˙eni.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several other phonetic changes can be observed for consonants in the position before another consonant: interchanges between /m/ and /v/ (Namtalashvili, a variant of Navtolishvili, Khemsurishvili from khevsuri 'one from Khev-sureti', Shavlik ˙ashvili from Shamlik ˙ashvili) and the elision of /r/ ( Ṗalagashvili from Ṗarlagashvili).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The suffix -el-i is also used to create demonyms: the names of inhabitants of various places.It is usually added to the toponym stem:”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Davitashvili and Davidashvili are based on the Georgian Christian and the Jewish forms of David, respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to the Sephardic and different from the Ashkenazic pronunciation, the shewa under the first consonant is pronounced in Judeo-Georgian as /e/: compare Bekhorashvili from Hebrew bk ¯ôr ֹור ְבכ 'firstling', Iekhisk ˙elashvili from ֵקאל ְז ֶח ְי 'Ezekiel', and Zebulashvili from a hypocoristic form of biblical zvûlun ֻלן ּו ְזב 'Zebulon.'”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For some names in Table 4, the addition of the suffix was concomitant to the root truncation.The parts dropped can be internal (Data from Davita, *Shata from Shabata), initial (*Bata from Shabata, K ˙oba from Iak ˙obi, *Rami from Abrami), final (*Shimshia from Shimshoni), or initial and final simultaneously (*Ak ˙ia and *Ak ˙o from Iak ˙obi).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The addition of a diminutive suffix represents the most common method of constructing hypocoristic forms of personal names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These two forms gave rise to the surnames Shapatashvili and Shabatashvili, respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In surnames, the last vowel of the first stem or the first vowel of the second one can be dropped: the variants Ṗat ˙ark ˙atsishvili and Ṗa ṗismedashvili are more common than Ṗat ˙arak ˙atsishvili and Ṗa ṗisimedashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In genitive forms, during the addition of -is, the elision of the last vowel present in the stem can take place.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All such forms present in the second column of Table 4 are drawn from Davita 'David', and no example derived from Gabriel or Giorgi is known.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surname K ˙obaivanov(i) is a Russified form, with the Russian suffix -ov added to an original name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these names are related to crafts that apparently were not typical for Georgian Christians; note that two of the three Georgian nouns mentioned above (kurkchi and topchi) are both of Turkic origin (compare Turkish kürkçü and topçu, respectively).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 19th-20th centuries, numerous Jewish migrants came to Georgia from other regions of the Russian Empire and, several years after the Bolshevik Revolution, from the USSR.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ashkenazic Jews represent by far the largest group.Their main destination was Tbilisi, the capital city of Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several names are derived from Judeo-Georgian nouns of Hebrew origin: Khakhmishvili from khakhami 'rabbi or any person regularly involved in the religious life of the Jewish community', Shaliakhishvili from shaliakhi 'messenger (from the Land of Israel)', and Shamashidze from shamashi 'prayer leader.'”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presence of 427 Jews is attested in Tbilisi in 1864-1865.Yet only one of these families was local: others were recent migrants, mainly of Ashkenazic origin (Ter-Oganov 2019, p. 170).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ter-Oganov 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One group ends in -zade: David-Zade, Isak ˙-Zade, and Zavlun-Zade.This element, com-monly known in Azerbaijan, ultimately comes from Persian zâde 'offspring', and it was also borrowed by Ottoman Turkish.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The name Razamat is unattested in available sources for the Pale of Settlement: it is known only in Tbilisi (JCG 2016) and Baku.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites JCG 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several names are based on ethnonyms: Megrelishvili from megreli 'Mingrelian', Khemsurishvili from khevsuri 'one from Khevsureti (northeastern Georgia)', and Lezgishvili from lezgi 'Lezgin'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bak ˙aloti-also from Akhaltsikhe-seems to be based on Georgian ba ǩali (or directly Turkish bakal) 'grocer'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All names with Hebrew roots (Khakhmishvili, Khasidashvili, Koenishvili, Shaliakhishvili) and some based on Turkish words (Charukhchevi, Injabeli, Injashvili) are also specifically Jewish.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant number of Mountain Jews came to Georgia, primarily Tbilisi.These families originated in Azerbaijan and North Caucasus.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another larger group ends in -oğli: Biniamin-Oğli, Chiraoğli, Daniel-Oğli, Iairoğli, Ifraim-Oğli, Isaoğli, Levioğli, Pasha-Oğli, and Shamiloğli.This Turkic element is the Azeri patronymic suffix -oğlı 'son of' (spelled -oğlu in standard Azeri).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ashkenazic migrants came to Tbilisi with ready-made surnames, mainly based on Germanic (German, Yiddish) and Slavic (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, and Russian) languages: we find the same surnames used in Ukraine, Belorussia, and/or Lithuania.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As indicated above in this section, a variant of the last name, Meshingiser, was already present in Tbilisi in 1836.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can observe that the same unusual given names, Nagdi and Yunis, are both the first names and the roots of the unusual surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“References to the form with the internal /s/ are numerous in the 17th century (K ˙ldiashvili et al. 2007, p. 281) and are known even at the end of the 18th century”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites K ˙ldiashvili et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Berdzenishvili 1940
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The census of 1926 shows the presence of 1988 Jews in Batumi, of which only 43 were Georgian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“12% | 83% | 5% | 2411”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ending gızı, the Azeri word for 'daughter of' (spelled qızı in modern literary Azeri), represents the female equivalent of oğlı.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This and the previous surnames have Turkish roots.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 73
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“David (1989, vol.2, p. 73), who published his Russian transcription of the list, put a question mark after this name, indicating the possibility of a typographic and/or transcription error.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites David 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these families already had their surnames before their conversion and their expulsion by the Russian government to the Caucasus.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was during the 18th century that the use of hereditary family names became standard for Georgian Jews, and the earliest attestations date from the 17th century.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Members of the Saraydarov family intermarried with Georgian Jews, and their tombstone inscriptions appear in Georgian only, not in Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the town of Lailashi, we find the following numbers of households: 84 Jewish, 27 Georgian Christian, and 26 Armenian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 34
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites K ˙ezevadze 2018b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the census of Tskhinvali (1781), several Christians (who, according to their names, seem to all be Armenians) are listed with names following the same pattern”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 28
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tabuashvili 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“56% | 8% | 23% | 7% | 6% | 367”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Two Russian-language documents from Kutaisi from the first half of the 19th century refer to six local Armenian families: three with Russified surnames ending in -ov (Solomonov, Baindurov, Oganezov) and three ending in -shvili (Akopashvili, Mokliyashvili, Dushyashvili)”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites David 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Shukyan 1940
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this and several other examples, one can observe the presence of the internal /a/ instead of /i/.It is a diminutive suffix explained in the next paragraph.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Russian-language tombstone inscriptions of Tbilisi, we find Bylkha Shamaykizi (born 1901), the daughter of Shamay; Mariam Bilyalgyzi (born 1905); Lia Mekhtikizi (born 1891), the daughter of Moshe; Jeirani Mekhtikizi (born 1909), the daughter of Mikhael; and Mariya Mekhtikidze (born 1918), the daughter of Abram.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of them are patronymic, often based on hypocoristic rather than full forms of given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the last two surnames, the Russian-language tombstones correspond to Nagdi, the son of Mikhail Nagdiev (born in 1905), and Yunis, the son of Yashvaya Yunisov (born in 1920).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the only bearer of the surname Melukha appearing in the database of the Yad Vashem Museum, born in Kutaisi in 1908 or 1909, the given name of his mother is Feyga, of Yiddish origin.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 79
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both are from Akhaltsikhe.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 73
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Palavandishvili family (some of whose members later Russified their names to Palavandov) is an example.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 42
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only Mardakha-s-shvil-i includes the internal /s/.Other patronymics such as Babala-shvil-i, Elik ˙a-shvil-i, Ǩezera-shvil-i, and Svimona-shvil-i omit it.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One surname, Davitian, ends in the patronymic suffix -ian typical for Armenian and Iranian surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tsitsiahsvili is used by Christians too, and Tsitsishvili is also known as a Jewish name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exact inception scheme of the variant E ǧisk ˙elashvili-in which the internal kh was voiced to ǧ-remains unclear.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 20th century, branches of the T ˙rok ˙elashvili family were known in Tbilisi and Baku, the cities to which numerous migrants came from Akhaltsikhe.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the last of these regions (today in northeasten Turkey), the local Laz population that spoke an idiom close to Mingrelian language has a series of surnames ending in the suffixes having various vowels followed by -van-i (Gogokhia 2019, p. 81).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gogokhia 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the stem ends in a consonant, the nominative singular form acquires the ending -i.If the stem ends in -a, -e, -o, or -u, this form coincides with the stem.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also possible that in the Georgian dialect spoken in Akhatsikhe, -shvili rather than -dze was the standard ending for patronymics.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet it is possible that it became customary for Christian clerks to record Jews-a special religious sub-group within that of serfs-with last names ending -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second factor explaining the large prevalence of names ending in -shvili for Jews could be social.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exact forms of Georgian nouns and adjectives depend on the grammatical case.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Christians in central Georgia, it does not seem to have a significant role: names ending in -shvili and -dze were commonly used by peasants and the gentry, and in western Kartli, some princes bore names ending in -shvili too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, it is unlikely that Jews of Lailashi acquired their surnames locally during the same period as Christians.More likely, either they brought them as ready-made forms when moving there from another area, or they adopted them locally during a different period.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in genitive forms of personal names ending in -a or -e, this final vowel is usually kept, and the /i/ of the suffix -is is dropped.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can observe that Georgian Christians of Racha used both endings, -dze and -shvili, with a clear preference for -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conjecture about surnames ending in -dze being older than those ending in -shvili can explain this phenomenon.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as it is true for numerous other cultures, it is logical to consider that the classes situated at the top of the social hierarchy acquired surnames before other social groups.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, Jews could acquire their family names when the addition of -shvili was already the main pattern.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genitive singular forms acquire the ending -is for stems ending in a consonant.If the stem ends in -a or -e, this vowel is dropped when adding -is.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this province, these names ending in -shvili could, at least in theory, cover the younger layer of surnames, those assigned following the new pattern relatively recently to people-including local Jews-having no surnames at that moment.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For last names known in the 18th century whose roots are not male given names, we are dealing with surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Area/Place Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others are significantly younger, and all of them are unusual: the odds are high that many of them represent secondary forms derived from the original surnames ending in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, biblical Ephraim is Epremi in Georgian, this form being the basis for the surname Epremishvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Georgian lacks the phoneme /f/, with the aspirated p as the closest sound.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In theory, the existence in Georgia of numerous patronymic surnames ending inashvili or -adze could contribute to the creation of a standardization pattern (a) either provoking a change of the vowel in certain surnames that were originally ending in -ishvili or -idze, or (b) used directly to construct surnames, as if the actual patronymic suffix were notshvili and -dze, but -ashvili and -adze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea that the surnames in question indirectly reveal the use by Georgian Jews of the corresponding male given names appears the most logically attractive.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we are dealing with the intermediary role of Russian in which, in an unstressed syllable, a contrast exists neither between /a/ and /o/ nor between /i/ and /e/, and in the Russian pronunciation, in all these surnames, the accented vowel appears in the penultimate syllable -shvi-.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Russian was the official language of the Russian Empire and the USSR, so Russian spelling was the basic one for certain surnames in Georgia.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first scenario sounds the most plausible, because it is the simplest one.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As explained in the two previous paragraphs, several contrasts existing in Georgian do not exist in Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Georgian lacks the phoneme /f/, with the aspirated p as the closest sound.
- Rests on an assumption: Georgian has two sets of stops and affricates: ejective and aspirated.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The change from /t/ to /t ˙/ could be operated locally under the influence of the existence of various Georgian diminutive suffixes including this consonant (compare the line with at ˙-a, et ˙-a, it ˙-a, ot ˙-a, ut ˙-a in Table 4) and because in Tbilisi's Georgian, the suffix -ot(i) is unknown.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The last method could have been reinforced by the fact that the final -i of the word preceding the patronymic suffix is not a part of the stem: this -i disappears in grammatical cases other than the nominative.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: When -a is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.
In the paper
“Another method uses a simple concatenation of the two stems, without any connecting element.In this case, the stem determining the semantic category of the compound can be in either the first or the second position (Chikobava 1967, pp.35-36).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967, pp.35-36
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the internal /s/ was dropped altogether in Georgian surnames (independently of the religion), remaining in certain written sources only inside of patronymics.48”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elishak ˙ashvili, a variant of Elisha ǩashvili, could appear in a similar way, after the ending of the root -a ǩa replaced with the Georgian diminutive suffix -ak ˙a.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, t ˙in Namt ˙alashvili can be related to the Georgian Napt ˙ali 'Naphtali', and t in Namtalashvili can result from the Judeo-Georgian form of the same male name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To corroborate the second scenario, one would need to find references to the presumed primary form *Ma ǧalishvili.The absence of such reference makes this scenario implausible for this specific surname.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, we cannot exclude the possibility of surnames drawn from them to be borrowed by Jews from Christians as ready-made forms.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As explained in the previous section, the suffixes -at(i) and -ot(i) are dialectal variants of the standard Georgian suffix -ant 'belonging to a family/house of', and a series of forms ending in these suffixes (including K ˙azhiloti) is attested in Akhaltsikhe.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, surnames based on such forms end in -ashvili (for Georgian Christians and Jews) or -adze (almost exclusively for Georgian Christians).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This feature is usually valid for ethno-cultural groups whose surnames were adopted relatively recently, when numerous personal patronymics acquired the status of hereditary surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: During the period when possession of a surname is not required by the local administration, surnames develop naturally from nicknames that distinguish their bearers from other members of the group.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surely, for tiny congregations, even this biblical name can be individual.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patriarchal character of the Georgian society, both Christian and Jewish, is directly responsible for this situation.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If individual Sephardic Jews (usually with hereditary surnames) were joining the communities of Georgian Jews during this period, they would lose their surnames, because for local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: For local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their typical Muslim given names and especially the first one, Osman, of doubtless Turkish origin, reveal migrants from the Ottoman territories, that is, most likely, the Akhaltsikhe area.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One surname, Rizhinashvili, could be related to Regina, a given name typical for Jewish migrants to the Ottoman Empire from medieval Iberia and Italy.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pozhamchi (Πожaмчи) is unknown outside of Tbilisi.The odds are high that this name represents a corrupted form of Podzamcze (Polish spelling), known as a Jewish surname in Galicia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the Jewish families, such names either indicate their provenance from the corresponding regions, or, less likely, they are based on nicknames that relate them-according to some feature-to the corresponding ethnic groups.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their large number is related to the natural way of the inception of surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apparently the last of these families came from the Kingdom of Poland, where the surname was spelled Fizycki in Polish.In any case, no reference to it is known in the Russian Pale of Settlement.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the patronymic-based names ending in -ov/-ev assigned by the Russian administration were marginal for the conscience of their bearers who continued to use in daily life traditional naming patterns that do not include surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These given names could be used by Jews because they sound close to biblical Esther and Lea.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This fact is perfectly in line with the traditional naming of people in Georgia by their patronymics.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, he provides neither a single argument to back his assertion nor an example.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 68
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the name Bak ˙aloti, whose root is most likely related to Georgian ba ǩali 'grocer', also comes from the same city.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is quite likely that it was used as a kinnui for such shemot ha-qodesh-having the same initial consonant-as Mikhael 'Michael' and Moshe 'Moses'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Mountain Jewish male given name Mekhti was borrowed by Jews from Muslims.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independently of the genuine form (Khakhiashvili?), we can be confident about the non-Ashkenazic origin of the person in question: his given name, Nisim, is unknown among Ashkenazim.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet we may also be dealing with a fashionable pattern that was introduced.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Enoch (2014) indicates the Ashkenazic origin of the following Georgian Jewish surnames (with the Georgian nominative ending -i added to the stems ending in consonants): Melukha, Mesengiser-i, Minovich-i, Pizitski (Russian ϕизицкий), and Khokhvik ˙-i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Enoch 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If multiple Sephardim were present in Akhaltsikhe, we would expect to find Sephardic surnames and/or given names there.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Longer words have two stressed vowels: in the first syllable and also in the third syllable from the end (Chikobava 1967, p. 28).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 47
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, its root, Zavlun, represents a form of the biblical Zebulon that was not used by Georgian Jews.Yet it was used by Mountain Jews: compare the surname Zavlun-Zade mentioned above that could be the source for Zavlunishvili; note that both names are known in Tbilisi only.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet, local merchants and rabbis could introduce this pattern rather recently because of their contacts with Jews from other Ottoman centers.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the influence could be cultural rather than demographic.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No similar name appears in various other documents available for Tskhinvali: we are surely dealing with a misinterpretation of some kind.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that a large majority of Georgian Jewish surnames end in -shvili can be explained by a combination of geographical, chronological, and social factors.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This surname is more likely to be matronymic rather than nickname-based.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 74
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That author does not provide any argument to corroborate his idea, which seems to have no basis.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Western Kartli is the most plausible area, because we know about the presence of both the Palavandov and the K ˙rikheli families in that area from other documents.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Berdzenishvili (1945, pp.312-14)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The form Iakobishvili could be related to the intermediary of Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 68
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this form, /l/ is not necessarily a part of the suffix: it could be a part of the root too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first two of them, uri is a Georgian diminutive suffix and the root (biblical name Uri), respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, these names are derived from Jewish male given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Israelashvili just means 'child of Israela (a commonly used given name)'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The forms ending in -o usually appear in the vocative case.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Vogt 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Some of these changes are noted by Enoch (2015, p. 183) among peculiarities of the Judeo-Georgian speech: the change from /v/ to /m/ (two examples), the elision of /r/ (one specifically Jewish example), the change from /sh/ to /ch/ in Kulashi (Imereti).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Enoch 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third variant, Egisk ˙elashvili, could come from E ǧisk ˙elashvili via the intermediary of Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This calculation ignores about thirty names ending in -ashvili or -oshvili derived from nouns or adjectives for which -a or -o represent the final sound of their stem.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, perhaps this k instead of the expected k ˙results from a typographic error.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The reduplication of consonants is usual for hypocoristic forms of Georgian Christian given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ǧlont ˙i 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The earliest references in available sources approximate the period when surnames were actually formed.
“For this reason, if we want to avoid speculative assertions, it would be logical to consider that it was precisely during that period that the Georgian Jewish surnames were mainly formed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The corpus of surnames analyzed in Table 3 is representative of Georgian Jewish surnames in the 19th-20th centuries.
“Table 3 presents the statistical distribution of surnames used by Georgian Jews during the 19th-20th centuries by their endings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Before the 19th century, there was no legal obligation to have a hereditary surname for any inhabitant of Georgia regardless of religion.
“This situation was possible because before the 19th century, there was no legal obligation to have a hereditary surname for any inhabitant of Georgia independently of the religion.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In genitive forms, during the addition of -is, the elision of the last vowel present in the stem can take place.
“In genitive forms, during the addition of -is, the elision of the last vowel present in the stem can take place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
“Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct such forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k ˙/ (such as -ak ˙-i, -ik ˙-i, -ik ˙o, and -uk ˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.53”
The paper relies on this without support.
When -a is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.
“When it is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Georgian alphabet is phonetic: one letter corresponds to one sound, and vice versa.
“The Georgian alphabet is phonetic: one letter corresponds to one sound, and vice versa.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgian lacks the phoneme /f/, with the aspirated p as the closest sound.
“One of them is the absence of /f/ in Georgian, the closest sound being the aspirated p.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgian has two sets of stops and affricates: ejective and aspirated.
“The existence of two sets of stops and affricates, ejective (pronounced with a glottalic airstream) and aspirated, represents one of the main peculiarities of the Georgian phonology.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Russian was the official language of the Russian Empire and the USSR, so Russian spelling was the basic one for certain surnames in Georgia.
“Since Russian was the official language of the Russian Empire and-later, between 1922 and 1991-the USSR, the Russian spelling was the basic one for certain surnames in Georgia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The vowel /u/, when placed before /a/, sounds close to the consonant /v/.
“The vowel /u/, when placed before /a/, sounds close to the consonant /v/.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During the period when possession of a surname is not required by the local administration, surnames develop naturally from nicknames that distinguish their bearers from other members of the group.
“During the period when the possession of a surname is not required by the local administration, surnames develop naturally from nicknames that distinguish their bearers from other members of the group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgian Jews used the given names Koen and Levi.
“since Georgian Jews used the given names Koen and Levi.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.
“because for local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgia has never been the destination of mass migrations of Jews belonging to communities using surnames.
“Firstly, it is clear that Georgia has never been the destination of mass migrations of Jews belonging to communities using surnames.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The corpus of surnames borne by Georgian Jews is sufficiently comprehensive to support claims of absence of migrated surnames.
“In the corpus of surnames borne by Georgian Jews, we do not find doubtless examples of migrated surnames”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the Russian Empire, the change of surnames by Jews was prohibited by law.
“in the Russian Empire, the change of surnames by Jews was prohibited by the law.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The area around Artvin, usually called eastern Lazistan, was conquered by Russians in 1828, recovered by Turks, became part of Russian Georgia in 1878, and was finally ceded to Turkey in 1921.
“An area around the town of Artvin usually called eastern Lazistan was conquered by Russians in 1828, recovered by Turks, became the part of Russian Georgia in 1878, and was finally ceded to Turkey in 1921.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Eastern Lazistan was inhabited by Lazs, Muslims who speak a Kartvelian language akin to Mingrelian.
“It was inhabited by Lazs, Muslims who speak a Kartvelian language akin to Mingrelian.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both eastern Lazistan and Meskheti belonged in the past to Georgia and were taken from Turks during the 19th century.
“Both areas belonged in the past to Georgia and were taken from Turks during the 19th century.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet.
“Since Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“the census of 1781 lists surnames for 108 Christian families.Among them, 88 end in -shvili (80 percent) and 22 in -dze (20 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
Reported 108 · recomputed 110
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
“Zhut ˙iashvili gave rise to the variant Ċhut ˙iashvili after the replacement of the initial consonant by an aspirated unvoiced affricate because of the presence of t ˙(another aspirated unvoiced consonant) in the following syllable.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
“Ejective პ ( ṗ) ტ (t ˙) კ (k ˙) ყ ( ǩ) წ (t ˙s) ჭ (ċh)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“A statistical analysis of 184 Jewish patronymic surnames ending in -shvili shows the following distribution by the vowel that precedes this ending: 78 percent of 'a', 7 percent of 'i', 6 percent of 'o', and 11 percent of surnames for which two variants, one with 'a' and another with 'o', exist.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
Reported 100 · recomputed 102
Citations
Cites
(2015) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004297357 · Cited by 102
Beider, A. (2023) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy7030049 · Cited by 3
Self-citationA HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEWISH SETLLEMENT IN GEORGIA (THE CAUCASUS)
Gachechiladze, R. (2021) · GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.52340/ggj.2021.08.13
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Babalikashvili, 1970, O pamyatnikakh evreyskoy èpigrafiki g. Akhaltsikhe (XVIII-XIX v.v.), Sakartvelos Metsnierebata Aḳademia: Matsne, 6, 271
- Beider, Alexander (2008). A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Russian Empire: Revised Edition, Avotaynu.
- Berdzenishvili, Niḳoloz (1940). Trudy Istoriko-Ètnograficheskogo Muzeya Evreev Gruzii. Vol. 1, Istoriko-Ètnograficheskiy Muzey Evreev Gruzii. (In Georgian).
- Berdzenishvili, Niḳoloz (1945). Trudy Istoriko-Ètnograficheskogo Muzeya Evreev Gruzii. Vol. 3, Istoriko-Ètnograficheskiy Muzey Evreev Gruzii. (In Georgian).
- Chikobava, Arnol’d Stepanovich (1967). Yazyki Narodov SSSR. Vol. 4 Iberiysko-Kavkazskie Yazyki, Nauka.
- Gagulashvili, 1996, Kartvel ebraelta gvarebi, Gantiadi, 22, 74
- Gogokhia, Baḳur (2019). Aǧmosavlet Lazetis Isṭoria da Gvarsakhelebi Sametsniero Khelmdzǧvaneli. [Ph.D. thesis, St. Andrew Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia].
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, and Surguladze, Mzia (1993). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 2, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Otkhmezuri, Giorgi, Mċhedlidze, Guliḳo, Surguladze, Mzia, Zhǧenṭi, Davit, Bakradze, Ana, and Enukidze, Tina (2007). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 4, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Surguladze, Mzia, Bakradze, Ana, Raṭiani, Levan, and Otkhmezuri, Giorgi (2004). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 3, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Surguladze, Mzia, Tsagareishvili, Elene, and Jandieri, Guram (1991). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 1, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Mshvidobadze, Nana, Mċhedlidze, Guliḳo, and Surguladze, Mzia (2015). Ṗirta anoṭirebuli leksiḳoni. Vol. 5, Metsniereba.
- Shukyan, Mark Pavlovich (1940). Trudy Istoriko-Ètnograficheskogo Muzeya Evreev Gruzii. Vol. 1, Istoriko-Etnograficheskiy Muzey Evreev Gruzii.
- Tabuashvili, Apolon (2012). Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Humanities Institute of Georgian History, Proceedings, 5, Meridiani. (In Georgian).
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Beider, A.
- Affiliations
- Equipe d’Economie Le Havre Normandie (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Beider, Alexander
- ORCID
- Beider, Alexander
- Venue
- Genealogy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-09-20
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 68
- ISSN
- 2313-5778 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386896091
- Semantic Scholar
- 942d9a924c5838d753ba8e420d3d27c10798bdb0
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Genealogy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Jewish Identity and Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Studies
- Keywords
- Jewish personal names, Georgian Jews, compound names, Georgian language
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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