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Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects
Open accessAbstract
The article provides an analysis of several aspects of the corpus of surnames used by Jews who lived after the end of the Middle Ages in the territory that today corresponds to the Republic of Georgia. One section covers historical aspects: the earliest attestations and their exact status and the period when the use of surnames became stabilized. The next two sections discuss morphological aspects: the endings found in the surnames and historical, linguistic, and social explanations of the distribution observed, compound names, names with demonymic suffixes, and those based on hypocoristic forms of given names (a detailed coverage of methods of constructing such forms is also provided). In the remaining sections, the reader will find an analysis of phonetic peculiarities found in Georgian Jewish surnames, the types of surnames with their statistical distribution, as well as the description of surnames that were not created in Georgia but were brought as ready-made forms by Jews who migrated during the 19th–20th centuries to Georgia from other territories.
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TL;DR
This article analyzes the historical, morphological, phonetic, and typological aspects of surnames used by Georgian Jews, arguing that hereditary surnames stabilized mainly in the 18th century and that most end in -shvili. It also distinguishes local Georgian Jewish surnames from ready-made surnames brought by 19th–20th-century Jewish migrants, especially Ashkenazim.
Key findings
- The earliest doubtless hereditary surnames appear in the 17th century: Pichkhadze (1644) and Jinjikhashvili (circa 1670); the use of hereditary family names became standard for Georgian Jews during the 18th century, while before the 19th century surnames were not yet an integral part of the Georgian Jewish naming system.
- Of 379 surnames in Table 3, 92% end in -shvili, 2% in -dze, 1% in -oti, 1% in -eli, 2% in -ovi/-evi, and 2% in other endings. More than 350 different surnames were used by Georgian Jews; Table 7 classifies 367 surnames as 56% patronymic, 8% matronymic, 23% nickname-based, 7% occupational, and 6% toponymic.
- Morphological and phonetic features of Georgian Jewish surnames are generally not specifically Jewish; they are shared with Georgian Christian surnames, though Judeo-Georgian pronunciation of Hebrew and Russian-language intermediation produced distinctive variants.
- Among 20th-century Tbilisi tombstone surnames, 83% are Ashkenazic, 12% Georgian, and 5% Mountain Jewish or Bukharan (total 2411 surnames); Ashkenazic migrants came with ready-made surnames, while some Mountain Jews acquired surnames only after migration to Georgia.
Methods
- Historical-linguistic corpus analysis of surnames used by Jews in the territory of modern Georgia after the Middle Ages, drawing on published documents, censuses (e.g., Tskhinvali 1781, Kareli 1781, Kutaisi 1850, 1886 census), tombstones, and prior scholarship.
- Morphological analysis of endings, compound names, demonymic suffixes, and hypocoristic formation; phonetic analysis of Georgian, Russian, and Judeo-Georgian variation; statistical tabulation of surname endings and types.
- Comparative analysis with Georgian Christian surname distributions and with migrant Jewish groups, including Ashkenazic, Mountain Jewish, Bukharan, and Krymchak surnames.
Limitations
- Paper-stated: scarcity of historical documents before the 17th century prevents determining when Georgian Jews began using hereditary family names; the exact status of early -shvili and -dze forms can be firmly determined only with genealogical data; absence of earlier references must be complemented by additional factors.
- Paper-stated: several etymologies and scenarios are theoretical or conjectural, including some -ov(i)/-ev(i) origins, the Manasherashvili progenitor, and possible borrowing from Christians; some sources are corrupted or ambiguous.
- Evident from the text: the corpus depends on available sources that are geographically and socially uneven, with women and serfs underrepresented before the 19th century, and transliteration or Russian intermediary forms create uncertainty in identifying exact Georgian consonants.
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139 No basis given · 117 Own interpretation · 56 Own result · 49 Sources not found · 14 Not checked yet · 5 Own method
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In the paper
“Comparing the above information about Jewish and Christian surnames, we can observe that both groups show similar behavior for surnames ending in -eli only.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The corpus of surnames analyzed in Table 3 is representative of Georgian Jewish surnames in the 19th-20th centuries.
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In the paper
“A large majority of surnames of Georgian Jews are based on the Georgian language.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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In the paper
“Exceptional Jewish surnames ending in -ia and -uri are unattested in the areas where Christian surnames with these endings were frequently used.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“for Christians of Kareli, -shvili was also more commonly used than -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“For peasants, as discussed above, it was similar enough to that of aznaurebi.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“In Tskhinvali, the ending -shvili was typical for Georgian Christian surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plaincorrelationaln = 108- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The oldest known surnames whose hereditary character is doubtless appear in the 17th century: Danela Pichkhadze was a Jewish serf donated in 1644 to the Gelati monastery, and brothers Matvala and Shalia Jinjikhashvili were serfs living in Mdzovreti (near Kareli) circa 1670.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
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In the paper
“In the town of Lailashi, the only place in Lechkhumi where the population was not exclusively Georgian, all twelve Jewish surnames end in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“both groups show similar behavior for surnames ending in -eli only.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In Guria, a small group of surnames has the ending -(n)t ˙i, unknown in other regions.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 92
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In the paper
“These surnames were found not only in areas that were transitory for Christians between the -dze and -shvili territories (near such localities as Oni and Kareli), but also in Imereti, where such surnames were significantly less common for Christians than those ending in -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“For Jews, the last assertion is corroborated by the fact that the three oldest known Jewish last names ending in a patronymic suffix end in -dze: Bu ǧapaisdze, Eliozisdze, and Pichkhadze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“Both surnames, Pichkhadze and Jinjikhashvili, survived until our days, and both are based on Georgian nicknames: compare pichkhi 'branch cuttings' and jinjikhi 'lukewarm', respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Globally speaking, morphological peculiarities of Jewish surnames in Georgia are not specifically Jewish.We find them in the surnames of Christians too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The same dilemma is still valid for certain last names ending in -shvili 'child of' appearing until the mid-19th century.”
- Also stated in: § 2. History of Names · boosted
“There is no doubt that in the above list, all forms ending in -shvili are not surnames but patronymics.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 2. History of Names
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Before the 19th century, there was no legal obligation to have a hereditary surname for any inhabitant of Georgia regardless of religion.
- Also stated in: § 2. History of Names · boosted
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In the paper
“These surnames mainly end in -shvili, and none of them end in -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“11 surnames end in -shvili (30 percent), 23 in -dze (62 percent), and 3 in other endings (8 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“A few Jewish surnames ending inot ˙i/-oti are not from Guria: as explained above in this section, they have no link to Gurian Christian surnames ending in -(n)t ˙i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“Among surnames in the same town based on the Georgian language that were borne by non-Jews (mainly Georgian Christians and also possibly some Armenians), 16 end in -shvili (27 percent), 32 in -dze (54 percent), and 11 have other endings (19 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“Yet 45 percent of inhabitants have surnames ending in -dze, and only 30 percent have surnames ending in -shvili (Nikonov 1988, p. 154).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Nikonov 1988, p. 154
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“In western provinces such as Imereti and Guria, surnames ending in -dze are by far the most commonly used (about two thirds of the total), though those ending in -shvili cover 20-25 percent.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“For Georgian Christians, surnames ending in -eli appear in various regions, but their total number is small.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“In Svaneti (northwestern mountainous part of Georgia), surnames ending in -(i)ani 'belonging to' largely dominate.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“In the census of the province of Racha (1886), only eleven different surnames were borne by tavadebi: five ending in -dze, six ending in various other suffixes, and none ending in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“In this list, Pichkhadze-as discussed in the previous section-is the oldest known Georgian Jewish surname, attested for the first time during the first half of the 17th century.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“In the latter, in towns situated on the Kura River, the proportion between names with these two endings changes dramatically from west to east: in Khashuri, 76 percent end in -dze and 24 percent in -shvili; in Kareli, 40 percent and 59 percent; in Gori, 28 percent and 66 percent; and in Kaspi, 10 percent and 85 percent.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“Surnames and their roots mainly have the form of a noun or an adjective.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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In the paper
“In northeastern Georgia, surnames usually end in -uri or -uli.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“Among surnames borne by Christians, only one ends in -shvili, six in -dze, one in -ani, one in another Georgian ending, and three (most likely borne by Armenians) in the Russian suffix -ov.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“In Mingrelia, surnames mainly end in -ia, -ua, or -ava.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
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In the paper
“Gradually, this internal genitive-case-related /s/ disappeared with only the forms in which -shvil-i or -dze follow a kept vowel.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
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“In several forms, we observe the interchange between /sh/ and /ch/ (Chelelashvili from Shalelashvili in Sachkhere (Imereti) and Lelushashvili from Leluchashvili), 64 /ch/ and /ts/ (Tsik ˙vashvili from Chik ˙vashvili, Chkhvirashvili from Tskhvirashvili).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
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In the paper
“Abramkhaimashvili is derived from a double given name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
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In the paper
“A small category covers surnames based on non-biblical Hebrew given names: Bekhorishvili, Khaimashvili, and Khanukashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
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In the paper
“Some other surnames are drawn from forms of biblical names that were both Jewish and Christian (Abramishvili, Aronishvili, Danielashvili, Eliashvili, Gabrielishvili, Iosebashvili from Joseph, Israelashvili, Mordekhashvili from Mordecai), specifically Jewish (Iekhisk ˙ielishvili from Ezekiel, Shimshonashvili from Samson), 70 or Georgian Christian (Eliozishvili from Elijah).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
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In the paper
“Several surnames exist in two variants: one with /o/and another with /a/, or one with /i/ and another with /e/: Kosashvili and Kasashvili, Mot ˙sonashvili and Mot ˙sanashvili, Tsatsiashvili and Tsotsiashvili, Taplishvili and Toplishvili, Mirilashvili and Mirelashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observe this regressive assimilation in Ekhisk ˙elashvili derived from Ekhizk ˙elashvili 62 and Shaptoshvili from Shabtoshvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, At ˙enelashvili is the oldest attested form, and, moreover, the /e/ in the second syllable conforms to the idea that this name is derived from the toponym At ˙eni.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several other phonetic changes can be observed for consonants in the position before another consonant: interchanges between /m/ and /v/ (Namtalashvili, a variant of Navtolishvili, Khemsurishvili from khevsuri 'one from Khev-sureti', Shavlik ˙ashvili from Shamlik ˙ashvili) and the elision of /r/ ( Ṗalagashvili from Ṗarlagashvili).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The suffix -el-i is also used to create demonyms: the names of inhabitants of various places.It is usually added to the toponym stem:”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Davitashvili and Davidashvili are based on the Georgian Christian and the Jewish forms of David, respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to the Sephardic and different from the Ashkenazic pronunciation, the shewa under the first consonant is pronounced in Judeo-Georgian as /e/: compare Bekhorashvili from Hebrew bk ¯ôr ֹור ְבכ 'firstling', Iekhisk ˙elashvili from ֵקאל ְז ֶח ְי 'Ezekiel', and Zebulashvili from a hypocoristic form of biblical zvûlun ֻלן ּו ְזב 'Zebulon.'”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For some names in Table 4, the addition of the suffix was concomitant to the root truncation.The parts dropped can be internal (Data from Davita, *Shata from Shabata), initial (*Bata from Shabata, K ˙oba from Iak ˙obi, *Rami from Abrami), final (*Shimshia from Shimshoni), or initial and final simultaneously (*Ak ˙ia and *Ak ˙o from Iak ˙obi).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The addition of a diminutive suffix represents the most common method of constructing hypocoristic forms of personal names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These two forms gave rise to the surnames Shapatashvili and Shabatashvili, respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In surnames, the last vowel of the first stem or the first vowel of the second one can be dropped: the variants Ṗat ˙ark ˙atsishvili and Ṗa ṗismedashvili are more common than Ṗat ˙arak ˙atsishvili and Ṗa ṗisimedashvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In genitive forms, during the addition of -is, the elision of the last vowel present in the stem can take place.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All such forms present in the second column of Table 4 are drawn from Davita 'David', and no example derived from Gabriel or Giorgi is known.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surname K ˙obaivanov(i) is a Russified form, with the Russian suffix -ov added to an original name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these names are related to crafts that apparently were not typical for Georgian Christians; note that two of the three Georgian nouns mentioned above (kurkchi and topchi) are both of Turkic origin (compare Turkish kürkçü and topçu, respectively).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 19th-20th centuries, numerous Jewish migrants came to Georgia from other regions of the Russian Empire and, several years after the Bolshevik Revolution, from the USSR.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ashkenazic Jews represent by far the largest group.Their main destination was Tbilisi, the capital city of Georgia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several names are derived from Judeo-Georgian nouns of Hebrew origin: Khakhmishvili from khakhami 'rabbi or any person regularly involved in the religious life of the Jewish community', Shaliakhishvili from shaliakhi 'messenger (from the Land of Israel)', and Shamashidze from shamashi 'prayer leader.'”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presence of 427 Jews is attested in Tbilisi in 1864-1865.Yet only one of these families was local: others were recent migrants, mainly of Ashkenazic origin (Ter-Oganov 2019, p. 170).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ter-Oganov 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One group ends in -zade: David-Zade, Isak ˙-Zade, and Zavlun-Zade.This element, com-monly known in Azerbaijan, ultimately comes from Persian zâde 'offspring', and it was also borrowed by Ottoman Turkish.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The name Razamat is unattested in available sources for the Pale of Settlement: it is known only in Tbilisi (JCG 2016) and Baku.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites JCG 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several names are based on ethnonyms: Megrelishvili from megreli 'Mingrelian', Khemsurishvili from khevsuri 'one from Khevsureti (northeastern Georgia)', and Lezgishvili from lezgi 'Lezgin'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Bak ˙aloti-also from Akhaltsikhe-seems to be based on Georgian ba ǩali (or directly Turkish bakal) 'grocer'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All names with Hebrew roots (Khakhmishvili, Khasidashvili, Koenishvili, Shaliakhishvili) and some based on Turkish words (Charukhchevi, Injabeli, Injashvili) are also specifically Jewish.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant number of Mountain Jews came to Georgia, primarily Tbilisi.These families originated in Azerbaijan and North Caucasus.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another larger group ends in -oğli: Biniamin-Oğli, Chiraoğli, Daniel-Oğli, Iairoğli, Ifraim-Oğli, Isaoğli, Levioğli, Pasha-Oğli, and Shamiloğli.This Turkic element is the Azeri patronymic suffix -oğlı 'son of' (spelled -oğlu in standard Azeri).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ashkenazic migrants came to Tbilisi with ready-made surnames, mainly based on Germanic (German, Yiddish) and Slavic (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, and Russian) languages: we find the same surnames used in Ukraine, Belorussia, and/or Lithuania.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As indicated above in this section, a variant of the last name, Meshingiser, was already present in Tbilisi in 1836.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can observe that the same unusual given names, Nagdi and Yunis, are both the first names and the roots of the unusual surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“References to the form with the internal /s/ are numerous in the 17th century (K ˙ldiashvili et al. 2007, p. 281) and are known even at the end of the 18th century”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites K ˙ldiashvili et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Berdzenishvili 1940
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The census of 1926 shows the presence of 1988 Jews in Batumi, of which only 43 were Georgian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“12% | 83% | 5% | 2411”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ending gızı, the Azeri word for 'daughter of' (spelled qızı in modern literary Azeri), represents the female equivalent of oğlı.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This and the previous surnames have Turkish roots.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 73
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“David (1989, vol.2, p. 73), who published his Russian transcription of the list, put a question mark after this name, indicating the possibility of a typographic and/or transcription error.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites David 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these families already had their surnames before their conversion and their expulsion by the Russian government to the Caucasus.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was during the 18th century that the use of hereditary family names became standard for Georgian Jews, and the earliest attestations date from the 17th century.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Members of the Saraydarov family intermarried with Georgian Jews, and their tombstone inscriptions appear in Georgian only, not in Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the town of Lailashi, we find the following numbers of households: 84 Jewish, 27 Georgian Christian, and 26 Armenian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 34
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites K ˙ezevadze 2018b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the census of Tskhinvali (1781), several Christians (who, according to their names, seem to all be Armenians) are listed with names following the same pattern”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 28
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Tabuashvili 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“56% | 8% | 23% | 7% | 6% | 367”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Two Russian-language documents from Kutaisi from the first half of the 19th century refer to six local Armenian families: three with Russified surnames ending in -ov (Solomonov, Baindurov, Oganezov) and three ending in -shvili (Akopashvili, Mokliyashvili, Dushyashvili)”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 43
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites David 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Shukyan 1940
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this and several other examples, one can observe the presence of the internal /a/ instead of /i/.It is a diminutive suffix explained in the next paragraph.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In Russian-language tombstone inscriptions of Tbilisi, we find Bylkha Shamaykizi (born 1901), the daughter of Shamay; Mariam Bilyalgyzi (born 1905); Lia Mekhtikizi (born 1891), the daughter of Moshe; Jeirani Mekhtikizi (born 1909), the daughter of Mikhael; and Mariya Mekhtikidze (born 1918), the daughter of Abram.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than half of them are patronymic, often based on hypocoristic rather than full forms of given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the last two surnames, the Russian-language tombstones correspond to Nagdi, the son of Mikhail Nagdiev (born in 1905), and Yunis, the son of Yashvaya Yunisov (born in 1920).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the only bearer of the surname Melukha appearing in the database of the Yad Vashem Museum, born in Kutaisi in 1908 or 1909, the given name of his mother is Feyga, of Yiddish origin.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 79
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both are from Akhaltsikhe.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 73
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Palavandishvili family (some of whose members later Russified their names to Palavandov) is an example.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 42
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only Mardakha-s-shvil-i includes the internal /s/.Other patronymics such as Babala-shvil-i, Elik ˙a-shvil-i, Ǩezera-shvil-i, and Svimona-shvil-i omit it.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One surname, Davitian, ends in the patronymic suffix -ian typical for Armenian and Iranian surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tsitsiahsvili is used by Christians too, and Tsitsishvili is also known as a Jewish name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exact inception scheme of the variant E ǧisk ˙elashvili-in which the internal kh was voiced to ǧ-remains unclear.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the 20th century, branches of the T ˙rok ˙elashvili family were known in Tbilisi and Baku, the cities to which numerous migrants came from Akhaltsikhe.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the last of these regions (today in northeasten Turkey), the local Laz population that spoke an idiom close to Mingrelian language has a series of surnames ending in the suffixes having various vowels followed by -van-i (Gogokhia 2019, p. 81).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gogokhia 2019
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the stem ends in a consonant, the nominative singular form acquires the ending -i.If the stem ends in -a, -e, -o, or -u, this form coincides with the stem.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also possible that in the Georgian dialect spoken in Akhatsikhe, -shvili rather than -dze was the standard ending for patronymics.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet it is possible that it became customary for Christian clerks to record Jews-a special religious sub-group within that of serfs-with last names ending -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second factor explaining the large prevalence of names ending in -shvili for Jews could be social.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exact forms of Georgian nouns and adjectives depend on the grammatical case.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For Christians in central Georgia, it does not seem to have a significant role: names ending in -shvili and -dze were commonly used by peasants and the gentry, and in western Kartli, some princes bore names ending in -shvili too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, it is unlikely that Jews of Lailashi acquired their surnames locally during the same period as Christians.More likely, either they brought them as ready-made forms when moving there from another area, or they adopted them locally during a different period.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, in genitive forms of personal names ending in -a or -e, this final vowel is usually kept, and the /i/ of the suffix -is is dropped.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can observe that Georgian Christians of Racha used both endings, -dze and -shvili, with a clear preference for -dze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A conjecture about surnames ending in -dze being older than those ending in -shvili can explain this phenomenon.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as it is true for numerous other cultures, it is logical to consider that the classes situated at the top of the social hierarchy acquired surnames before other social groups.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, Jews could acquire their family names when the addition of -shvili was already the main pattern.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genitive singular forms acquire the ending -is for stems ending in a consonant.If the stem ends in -a or -e, this vowel is dropped when adding -is.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this province, these names ending in -shvili could, at least in theory, cover the younger layer of surnames, those assigned following the new pattern relatively recently to people-including local Jews-having no surnames at that moment.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For last names known in the 18th century whose roots are not male given names, we are dealing with surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Area/Place Surnames
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others are significantly younger, and all of them are unusual: the odds are high that many of them represent secondary forms derived from the original surnames ending in -shvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, biblical Ephraim is Epremi in Georgian, this form being the basis for the surname Epremishvili.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Georgian lacks the phoneme /f/, with the aspirated p as the closest sound.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In theory, the existence in Georgia of numerous patronymic surnames ending inashvili or -adze could contribute to the creation of a standardization pattern (a) either provoking a change of the vowel in certain surnames that were originally ending in -ishvili or -idze, or (b) used directly to construct surnames, as if the actual patronymic suffix were notshvili and -dze, but -ashvili and -adze.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea that the surnames in question indirectly reveal the use by Georgian Jews of the corresponding male given names appears the most logically attractive.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we are dealing with the intermediary role of Russian in which, in an unstressed syllable, a contrast exists neither between /a/ and /o/ nor between /i/ and /e/, and in the Russian pronunciation, in all these surnames, the accented vowel appears in the penultimate syllable -shvi-.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Russian was the official language of the Russian Empire and the USSR, so Russian spelling was the basic one for certain surnames in Georgia.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first scenario sounds the most plausible, because it is the simplest one.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As explained in the two previous paragraphs, several contrasts existing in Georgian do not exist in Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Georgian lacks the phoneme /f/, with the aspirated p as the closest sound.
- Rests on an assumption: Georgian has two sets of stops and affricates: ejective and aspirated.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The change from /t/ to /t ˙/ could be operated locally under the influence of the existence of various Georgian diminutive suffixes including this consonant (compare the line with at ˙-a, et ˙-a, it ˙-a, ot ˙-a, ut ˙-a in Table 4) and because in Tbilisi's Georgian, the suffix -ot(i) is unknown.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The last method could have been reinforced by the fact that the final -i of the word preceding the patronymic suffix is not a part of the stem: this -i disappears in grammatical cases other than the nominative.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: When -a is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.
In the paper
“Another method uses a simple concatenation of the two stems, without any connecting element.In this case, the stem determining the semantic category of the compound can be in either the first or the second position (Chikobava 1967, pp.35-36).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967, pp.35-36
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“the internal /s/ was dropped altogether in Georgian surnames (independently of the religion), remaining in certain written sources only inside of patronymics.48”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 4. Other Morphological Peculiarities
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [48]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elishak ˙ashvili, a variant of Elisha ǩashvili, could appear in a similar way, after the ending of the root -a ǩa replaced with the Georgian diminutive suffix -ak ˙a.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, t ˙in Namt ˙alashvili can be related to the Georgian Napt ˙ali 'Naphtali', and t in Namtalashvili can result from the Judeo-Georgian form of the same male name.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Judeo-Georgian Examples
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To corroborate the second scenario, one would need to find references to the presumed primary form *Ma ǧalishvili.The absence of such reference makes this scenario implausible for this specific surname.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, we cannot exclude the possibility of surnames drawn from them to be borrowed by Jews from Christians as ready-made forms.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As explained in the previous section, the suffixes -at(i) and -ot(i) are dialectal variants of the standard Georgian suffix -ant 'belonging to a family/house of', and a series of forms ending in these suffixes (including K ˙azhiloti) is attested in Akhaltsikhe.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For this reason, surnames based on such forms end in -ashvili (for Georgian Christians and Jews) or -adze (almost exclusively for Georgian Christians).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This feature is usually valid for ethno-cultural groups whose surnames were adopted relatively recently, when numerous personal patronymics acquired the status of hereditary surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: During the period when possession of a surname is not required by the local administration, surnames develop naturally from nicknames that distinguish their bearers from other members of the group.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surely, for tiny congregations, even this biblical name can be individual.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patriarchal character of the Georgian society, both Christian and Jewish, is directly responsible for this situation.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If individual Sephardic Jews (usually with hereditary surnames) were joining the communities of Georgian Jews during this period, they would lose their surnames, because for local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: For local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their typical Muslim given names and especially the first one, Osman, of doubtless Turkish origin, reveal migrants from the Ottoman territories, that is, most likely, the Akhaltsikhe area.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One surname, Rizhinashvili, could be related to Regina, a given name typical for Jewish migrants to the Ottoman Empire from medieval Iberia and Italy.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pozhamchi (Πожaмчи) is unknown outside of Tbilisi.The odds are high that this name represents a corrupted form of Podzamcze (Polish spelling), known as a Jewish surname in Galicia.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the Jewish families, such names either indicate their provenance from the corresponding regions, or, less likely, they are based on nicknames that relate them-according to some feature-to the corresponding ethnic groups.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Their large number is related to the natural way of the inception of surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apparently the last of these families came from the Kingdom of Poland, where the surname was spelled Fizycki in Polish.In any case, no reference to it is known in the Russian Pale of Settlement.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the patronymic-based names ending in -ov/-ev assigned by the Russian administration were marginal for the conscience of their bearers who continued to use in daily life traditional naming patterns that do not include surnames.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These given names could be used by Jews because they sound close to biblical Esther and Lea.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This fact is perfectly in line with the traditional naming of people in Georgia by their patronymics.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 6. Types of Surnames
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, he provides neither a single argument to back his assertion nor an example.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 68
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the name Bak ˙aloti, whose root is most likely related to Georgian ba ǩali 'grocer', also comes from the same city.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is quite likely that it was used as a kinnui for such shemot ha-qodesh-having the same initial consonant-as Mikhael 'Michael' and Moshe 'Moses'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Mountain Jewish male given name Mekhti was borrowed by Jews from Muslims.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 84
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independently of the genuine form (Khakhiashvili?), we can be confident about the non-Ashkenazic origin of the person in question: his given name, Nisim, is unknown among Ashkenazim.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
boosteddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet we may also be dealing with a fashionable pattern that was introduced.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Enoch (2014) indicates the Ashkenazic origin of the following Georgian Jewish surnames (with the Georgian nominative ending -i added to the stems ending in consonants): Melukha, Mesengiser-i, Minovich-i, Pizitski (Russian ϕизицкий), and Khokhvik ˙-i.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Enoch 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If multiple Sephardim were present in Akhaltsikhe, we would expect to find Sephardic surnames and/or given names there.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Longer words have two stressed vowels: in the first syllable and also in the third syllable from the end (Chikobava 1967, p. 28).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 47
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, its root, Zavlun, represents a form of the biblical Zebulon that was not used by Georgian Jews.Yet it was used by Mountain Jews: compare the surname Zavlun-Zade mentioned above that could be the source for Zavlunishvili; note that both names are known in Tbilisi only.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 7. Surnames of Jewish Migrants to Georgia (19th-20th Centuries)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet, local merchants and rabbis could introduce this pattern rather recently because of their contacts with Jews from other Ottoman centers.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the influence could be cultural rather than demographic.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 75
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No similar name appears in various other documents available for Tskhinvali: we are surely dealing with a misinterpretation of some kind.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that a large majority of Georgian Jewish surnames end in -shvili can be explained by a combination of geographical, chronological, and social factors.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This surname is more likely to be matronymic rather than nickname-based.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 74
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That author does not provide any argument to corroborate his idea, which seems to have no basis.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 81
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Western Kartli is the most plausible area, because we know about the presence of both the Palavandov and the K ˙rikheli families in that area from other documents.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 8. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Berdzenishvili (1945, pp.312-14)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The form Iakobishvili could be related to the intermediary of Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 68
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this form, /l/ is not necessarily a part of the suffix: it could be a part of the root too.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first two of them, uri is a Georgian diminutive suffix and the root (biblical name Uri), respectively.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, these names are derived from Jewish male given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Israelashvili just means 'child of Israela (a commonly used given name)'.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The forms ending in -o usually appear in the vocative case.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chikobava 1967
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Vogt 1971
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Some of these changes are noted by Enoch (2015, p. 183) among peculiarities of the Judeo-Georgian speech: the change from /v/ to /m/ (two examples), the elision of /r/ (one specifically Jewish example), the change from /sh/ to /ch/ in Kulashi (Imereti).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Enoch 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A third variant, Egisk ˙elashvili, could come from E ǧisk ˙elashvili via the intermediary of Russian.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This calculation ignores about thirty names ending in -ashvili or -oshvili derived from nouns or adjectives for which -a or -o represent the final sound of their stem.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, perhaps this k instead of the expected k ˙results from a typographic error.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The reduplication of consonants is usual for hypocoristic forms of Georgian Christian given names.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Additional information
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ǧlont ˙i 1986
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The earliest references in available sources approximate the period when surnames were actually formed.
“For this reason, if we want to avoid speculative assertions, it would be logical to consider that it was precisely during that period that the Georgian Jewish surnames were mainly formed.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The corpus of surnames analyzed in Table 3 is representative of Georgian Jewish surnames in the 19th-20th centuries.
“Table 3 presents the statistical distribution of surnames used by Georgian Jews during the 19th-20th centuries by their endings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Before the 19th century, there was no legal obligation to have a hereditary surname for any inhabitant of Georgia regardless of religion.
“This situation was possible because before the 19th century, there was no legal obligation to have a hereditary surname for any inhabitant of Georgia independently of the religion.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In genitive forms, during the addition of -is, the elision of the last vowel present in the stem can take place.
“In genitive forms, during the addition of -is, the elision of the last vowel present in the stem can take place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct diminutive forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k˙/ (such as -ak˙-i, -ik˙-i, -ik˙o, and -uk˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.
“Modern Georgian uses the following suffixes to construct such forms: -a, -ilo, several suffixes with /k ˙/ (such as -ak ˙-i, -ik ˙-i, -ik ˙o, and -uk ˙a), -una and -unia, -uchuna, -utsuna, and -utsana.53”
The paper relies on this without support.
When -a is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.
“When it is added to base forms having a stem ending in a consonant, the elision of the final -i (present in the nominative case) is optional.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Georgian alphabet is phonetic: one letter corresponds to one sound, and vice versa.
“The Georgian alphabet is phonetic: one letter corresponds to one sound, and vice versa.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgian lacks the phoneme /f/, with the aspirated p as the closest sound.
“One of them is the absence of /f/ in Georgian, the closest sound being the aspirated p.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgian has two sets of stops and affricates: ejective and aspirated.
“The existence of two sets of stops and affricates, ejective (pronounced with a glottalic airstream) and aspirated, represents one of the main peculiarities of the Georgian phonology.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Russian was the official language of the Russian Empire and the USSR, so Russian spelling was the basic one for certain surnames in Georgia.
“Since Russian was the official language of the Russian Empire and-later, between 1922 and 1991-the USSR, the Russian spelling was the basic one for certain surnames in Georgia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The vowel /u/, when placed before /a/, sounds close to the consonant /v/.
“The vowel /u/, when placed before /a/, sounds close to the consonant /v/.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During the period when possession of a surname is not required by the local administration, surnames develop naturally from nicknames that distinguish their bearers from other members of the group.
“During the period when the possession of a surname is not required by the local administration, surnames develop naturally from nicknames that distinguish their bearers from other members of the group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgian Jews used the given names Koen and Levi.
“since Georgian Jews used the given names Koen and Levi.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.
“because for local Jews, surnames were either of little importance or even absent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Georgia has never been the destination of mass migrations of Jews belonging to communities using surnames.
“Firstly, it is clear that Georgia has never been the destination of mass migrations of Jews belonging to communities using surnames.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The corpus of surnames borne by Georgian Jews is sufficiently comprehensive to support claims of absence of migrated surnames.
“In the corpus of surnames borne by Georgian Jews, we do not find doubtless examples of migrated surnames”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the Russian Empire, the change of surnames by Jews was prohibited by law.
“in the Russian Empire, the change of surnames by Jews was prohibited by the law.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The area around Artvin, usually called eastern Lazistan, was conquered by Russians in 1828, recovered by Turks, became part of Russian Georgia in 1878, and was finally ceded to Turkey in 1921.
“An area around the town of Artvin usually called eastern Lazistan was conquered by Russians in 1828, recovered by Turks, became the part of Russian Georgia in 1878, and was finally ceded to Turkey in 1921.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Eastern Lazistan was inhabited by Lazs, Muslims who speak a Kartvelian language akin to Mingrelian.
“It was inhabited by Lazs, Muslims who speak a Kartvelian language akin to Mingrelian.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both eastern Lazistan and Meskheti belonged in the past to Georgia and were taken from Turks during the 19th century.
“Both areas belonged in the past to Georgia and were taken from Turks during the 19th century.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet.
“Since Akhaltsikhe was the center of an Ottoman eyalet”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“the census of 1781 lists surnames for 108 Christian families.Among them, 88 end in -shvili (80 percent) and 22 in -dze (20 percent).”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 3. Endings of Surnames
Reported 108 · recomputed 110
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
“Zhut ˙iashvili gave rise to the variant Ċhut ˙iashvili after the replacement of the initial consonant by an aspirated unvoiced affricate because of the presence of t ˙(another aspirated unvoiced consonant) in the following syllable.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > 5. Phonetic Peculiarities
“Ejective პ ( ṗ) ტ (t ˙) კ (k ˙) ყ ( ǩ) წ (t ˙s) ჭ (ċh)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“A statistical analysis of 184 Jewish patronymic surnames ending in -shvili shows the following distribution by the vowel that precedes this ending: 78 percent of 'a', 7 percent of 'i', 6 percent of 'o', and 11 percent of surnames for which two variants, one with 'a' and another with 'o', exist.”
§ Surnames of Georgian Jews: Historical and Linguistic Aspects > Suffix
Reported 100 · recomputed 102
Citations
Cites
(2015) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004297357 · Cited by 102
Beider, A. (2023) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy7030049 · Cited by 3
Self-citationA HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF JEWISH SETLLEMENT IN GEORGIA (THE CAUCASUS)
Gachechiladze, R. (2021) · GEORGIAN GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL · doi:10.52340/ggj.2021.08.13
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Babalikashvili, 1970, O pamyatnikakh evreyskoy èpigrafiki g. Akhaltsikhe (XVIII-XIX v.v.), Sakartvelos Metsnierebata Aḳademia: Matsne, 6, 271
- Beider, Alexander (2008). A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from the Russian Empire: Revised Edition, Avotaynu.
- Berdzenishvili, Niḳoloz (1940). Trudy Istoriko-Ètnograficheskogo Muzeya Evreev Gruzii. Vol. 1, Istoriko-Ètnograficheskiy Muzey Evreev Gruzii. (In Georgian).
- Berdzenishvili, Niḳoloz (1945). Trudy Istoriko-Ètnograficheskogo Muzeya Evreev Gruzii. Vol. 3, Istoriko-Ètnograficheskiy Muzey Evreev Gruzii. (In Georgian).
- Chikobava, Arnol’d Stepanovich (1967). Yazyki Narodov SSSR. Vol. 4 Iberiysko-Kavkazskie Yazyki, Nauka.
- Gagulashvili, 1996, Kartvel ebraelta gvarebi, Gantiadi, 22, 74
- Gogokhia, Baḳur (2019). Aǧmosavlet Lazetis Isṭoria da Gvarsakhelebi Sametsniero Khelmdzǧvaneli. [Ph.D. thesis, St. Andrew Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia].
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, and Surguladze, Mzia (1993). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 2, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Otkhmezuri, Giorgi, Mċhedlidze, Guliḳo, Surguladze, Mzia, Zhǧenṭi, Davit, Bakradze, Ana, and Enukidze, Tina (2007). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 4, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Surguladze, Mzia, Bakradze, Ana, Raṭiani, Levan, and Otkhmezuri, Giorgi (2004). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 3, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Surguladze, Mzia, Tsagareishvili, Elene, and Jandieri, Guram (1991). Ṗirta Anoṭirebuli Leksiḳoni. Vol. 1, Metsniereba.
- Ḳldiashvili, Danejan, Mshvidobadze, Nana, Mċhedlidze, Guliḳo, and Surguladze, Mzia (2015). Ṗirta anoṭirebuli leksiḳoni. Vol. 5, Metsniereba.
- Shukyan, Mark Pavlovich (1940). Trudy Istoriko-Ètnograficheskogo Muzeya Evreev Gruzii. Vol. 1, Istoriko-Etnograficheskiy Muzey Evreev Gruzii.
- Tabuashvili, Apolon (2012). Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty of Humanities Institute of Georgian History, Proceedings, 5, Meridiani. (In Georgian).
Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Beider, A.
- Affiliations
- Equipe d’Economie Le Havre Normandie (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Beider, Alexander
- ORCID
- Beider, Alexander
- Venue
- Genealogy
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-09-20
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 68
- ISSN
- 2313-5778 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4386896091
- Semantic Scholar
- 942d9a924c5838d753ba8e420d3d27c10798bdb0
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Genealogy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and language evolution
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Jewish Identity and Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Studies
- Keywords
- Jewish personal names, Georgian Jews, compound names, Georgian language
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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