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Multi-Proxy Characterisation of the Storegga Tsunami and Its Impact on the Early Holocene Landscapes of the Southern North Sea

Gaffney, Vincent, Fitch, Simon, Bates, Martin, Ware, Roselyn L., Kinnaird, Tim, Gearey, Benjamin, Hill, Tom, Telford, Richard, Batt, Cathy, Stern, Ben, Whittaker, John, Davies, Sarah, Sharada, Mohammed Ben, Everett, Rosie, Cribdon, Rebecca, Kistler, Logan, Harris, Sam, Kearney, Kevin, Walker, James, Muru, Merle, Hamilton, Derek, Law, Matthew, Finlay, Alex, Bates, Richard, Allaby, Robin G.·2020·Geosciences
DOI 10.3390/geosciences10070270

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Abstract

Doggerland was a landmass occupying an area currently covered by the North Sea until marine inundation took place during the mid-Holocene, ultimately separating the British landmass from the rest of Europe. The Storegga Event, which triggered a tsunami reflected in sediment deposits in the northern North Sea, northeast coastlines of the British Isles and across the North Atlantic, was a major event during this transgressive phase. The spatial extent of the Storegga tsunami however remains unconfirmed as, to date, no direct evidence for the event has been recovered from the southern North Sea. We present evidence of a tsunami deposit in the southern North Sea at the head of a palaeo-river system that has been identified using seismic survey. The evidence, based on lithostratigraphy, geochemical signatures, macro and microfossils and sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA), supported by optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating, suggests that these deposits were a result of the tsunami. Seismic identification of this stratum and analysis of adjacent cores showed diminished traces of the tsunami which was largely removed by subsequent erosional processes. Our results confirm previous modelling of the impact of the tsunami within this area of the southern North Sea, and also indicate that these effects were temporary, localized, and mitigated by the dense woodland and topography of the area. We conclude that clear physical remnants of the wave in these areas are likely to be restricted to now buried, palaeo-inland basins and incised river valley systems.

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Figures

Figure 1 The North Sea, Storegga underwater landslide event run-out, associated deposit locations and core ELF001A. Location of deposits associated with Storegga slip follow data in summarized [8].
Figure 1 The North Sea, Storegga underwater landslide event run-out, associated deposit locations and core ELF001A. Location of deposits associated with Storegga slip follow data in summarized [8].CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Geormorphological reconstruction of the palaeolandscape off the east coast of England c. 8.2 ka cal BP. Above: Present coast of East England (grey) with offshore area showing the coastline reconstruction at approximately 8.2 ka cal BP, position of moraine ridge (after Dove et al. [20]), location of core and seismic line example. Below: 2D seismic line acquired through core location showing major reflection horizons, base surface and the major erosional boundary identified as a Figure 2. Geormorphological reconstruction of the palaeolandscape o the east coast of England c. 8.2 ka cal BP. Above: Present coast of East England (grey) with o shore area showing the coastline reconstruction at approximately 8.2 ka cal BP, position of moraine ridge (after Dove et al. [20]), location of core and seismic line example. Below: 2D seismic line acquired through core location showing major reflection horizons, base surface and the major erosional boundary identified as a regional event.
Figure 2 Geormorphological reconstruction of the palaeolandscape off the east coast of England c. 8.2 ka cal BP. Above: Present coast of East England (grey) with offshore area showing the coastline reconstruction at approximately 8.2 ka cal BP, position of moraine ridge (after Dove et al. [20]), location of core and seismic line example. Below: 2D seismic line acquired through core location showing major reflection horizons, base surface and the major erosional boundary identified as a Figure 2. Geormorphological reconstruction of the palaeolandscape o the east coast of England c. 8.2 ka cal BP. Above: Present coast of East England (grey) with o shore area showing the coastline reconstruction at approximately 8.2 ka cal BP, position of moraine ridge (after Dove et al. [20]), location of core and seismic line example. Below: 2D seismic line acquired through core location showing major reflection horizons, base surface and the major erosional boundary identified as a regional event.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Geochemical analysis of vibrocore ELF001A. A : Organic chemistry profile. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) is an indicator of marine or terrestrial environments. N-alkane proxy ration (Paq) distinguishes emergent and submerged aquatic plants. Natural alkanes ratio (NAR) distinguishes n-alkanes from natural oil sources from other sources such as higher plants. B . Optical stimulation luminescence (OSL). C . Chemostratigraphy based on chemical proxies for shell (Sr), Clay (Rb), Quartz grain size (Quartz/Clay; Si/Rb) and terrestrial material (Detrital zircons; Zr) D . Figure 3. Geochemical analysis of vibrocore ELF001A. A : Organic chemistry profile. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) is an indicator of marine or terrestrial environments. N-alkane proxy ration (Paq) distinguishes emergent and submerged aquatic plants. Natural alkanes ratio (NAR) distinguishes n-alkanes from natural oil sources from other sources such as higher plants. B . Optical stimulation luminescence (OSL). C . Chemostratigraphy based on chemical proxies for shell (Sr), Clay (Rb), Quartz grain size (Quartz / Clay; Si / Rb) and terrestrial material (Detrital zircons; Zr) D . Palaeomagnetism profile.
Figure 3 Geochemical analysis of vibrocore ELF001A. A : Organic chemistry profile. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) is an indicator of marine or terrestrial environments. N-alkane proxy ration (Paq) distinguishes emergent and submerged aquatic plants. Natural alkanes ratio (NAR) distinguishes n-alkanes from natural oil sources from other sources such as higher plants. B . Optical stimulation luminescence (OSL). C . Chemostratigraphy based on chemical proxies for shell (Sr), Clay (Rb), Quartz grain size (Quartz/Clay; Si/Rb) and terrestrial material (Detrital zircons; Zr) D . Figure 3. Geochemical analysis of vibrocore ELF001A. A : Organic chemistry profile. Carbon Preference Index (CPI) is an indicator of marine or terrestrial environments. N-alkane proxy ration (Paq) distinguishes emergent and submerged aquatic plants. Natural alkanes ratio (NAR) distinguishes n-alkanes from natural oil sources from other sources such as higher plants. B . Optical stimulation luminescence (OSL). C . Chemostratigraphy based on chemical proxies for shell (Sr), Clay (Rb), Quartz grain size (Quartz / Clay; Si / Rb) and terrestrial material (Detrital zircons; Zr) D . Palaeomagnetism profile.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. Internal sub zones of geochemistry unit C3 showing eight sub units that form the chemical architecture of the tsunami Figure 4. Proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. Internal sub zones of geochemistry unit C3 showing eight sub units that form the chemical architecture of the tsunami deposit based on chemical proxies for shell (Sr), Clay (Rb), grain size (Quartz / Clay; Si / Rb) and terrestrial material (Detrital zircons; Zr).
Figure 4 Proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. Internal sub zones of geochemistry unit C3 showing eight sub units that form the chemical architecture of the tsunami Figure 4. Proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. Internal sub zones of geochemistry unit C3 showing eight sub units that form the chemical architecture of the tsunami deposit based on chemical proxies for shell (Sr), Clay (Rb), grain size (Quartz / Clay; Si / Rb) and terrestrial material (Detrital zircons; Zr).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Cont .
Figure 5 Cont .CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 6
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Interpretation of proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. The initial sea level fall is marked by increased terrestrial material ( green arrows ). Waves are characterised by an increase of energy reflected by increased grainsize at the base ( blue arrow ), which peaks approximately in the centre of the sub unit ( black arrow ), before decreasing to a flow velocity ( red arrow ) to stagnation at the top of the sub unit ( grey arrow ). Inflow ( towards land ) water movement is characterised by the larger shell material peak ( purple arrow ) whereas retreat (seaward) movement is marked by a larger terrestrial signature. The end of the tsunami zone is marked by a clay cap where wave energy ( velocity of flow ) returns to minimum values. Figure 6. Interpretation of proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. The initial sea level fall is marked by increased terrestrial material ( green arrows ). Waves are characterised by an increase of energy reflected by increased grainsize at the base ( blue arrow ), which peaks approximately in the centre of the sub unit ( black arrow ), before decreasing to a flow velocity ( red arrow ) to stagnation at the top of the sub unit ( grey arrow ). Inflow ( towards land ) water movement is characterised by the larger shell material peak ( purple arrow ) whereas retreat (seaward) movement is marked by a larger terrestrial signature. The end of the tsunami zone is marked by a clay cap where wave energy ( velocity of flow ) returns to minimum values.
Figure 6 Interpretation of proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. The initial sea level fall is marked by increased terrestrial material ( green arrows ). Waves are characterised by an increase of energy reflected by increased grainsize at the base ( blue arrow ), which peaks approximately in the centre of the sub unit ( black arrow ), before decreasing to a flow velocity ( red arrow ) to stagnation at the top of the sub unit ( grey arrow ). Inflow ( towards land ) water movement is characterised by the larger shell material peak ( purple arrow ) whereas retreat (seaward) movement is marked by a larger terrestrial signature. The end of the tsunami zone is marked by a clay cap where wave energy ( velocity of flow ) returns to minimum values. Figure 6. Interpretation of proxy environmental data for key section (C3) of core ELF001A. The initial sea level fall is marked by increased terrestrial material ( green arrows ). Waves are characterised by an increase of energy reflected by increased grainsize at the base ( blue arrow ), which peaks approximately in the centre of the sub unit ( black arrow ), before decreasing to a flow velocity ( red arrow ) to stagnation at the top of the sub unit ( grey arrow ). Inflow ( towards land ) water movement is characterised by the larger shell material peak ( purple arrow ) whereas retreat (seaward) movement is marked by a larger terrestrial signature. The end of the tsunami zone is marked by a clay cap where wave energy ( velocity of flow ) returns to minimum values.CC-BY · From the PDF
Image 8
CC-BY · From the PDF

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 26

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Metadata

Authors
Gaffney, V., Fitch, S., Bates, M., Ware, R. L., Kinnaird, T., Gearey, B., Hill, T., Telford, R., Batt, C., Stern, B., Whittaker, J., Davies, S., Sharada, M. B., Everett, R., Cribdon, R., Kistler, L., Harris, S., Kearney, K., Walker, J., Muru, M., Hamilton, D., Law, M., Finlay, A., Bates, R., & Allaby, R. G.
Affiliations
  • School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
  • Faculty of Humanities and Performing Arts, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales SA48 7ED, UK
  • School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
  • School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AL, UK
  • Department of Archaeology, University College Cork, T12 CY82 Cork, Ireland
  • Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
  • Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3FL, UK
  • Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
  • SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, Scottish Enterprise Park, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
  • School of Sciences, Bath Spa University, Bath BA2 9BN, UK
  • Chemostrat Ltd., 1 Ravenscroft Court, Buttington Cross Enterprise Park, Welshpool, Powys SY21 8SL, UK
ORCID
Venue
Geosciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-07-15
Volume
10
Issue
7
Pages
270
ISSN
2076-3263
DOI
10.3390/geosciences10070270
Cited by
33
References
2
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
European Research Council (670518)

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