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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Adjustment Disorder in Lithuanian Healthcare in 2018–2020: A Nation-Wide Cohort Study of the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
Multiple empirical studies have revealed significant pandemic effects of COVID-19 on mental health in various populations. This study aimed to analyze the incidences of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adjustment disorder (AjD) in national healthcare in 2018–2020 in one of the European countries—Lithuania—and estimate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on PTSD and AjD incidences in 2020. The national healthcare registry was used for estimations of diagnosis of PTSD, AjD, and major depressive disorder (MD). The study revealed that stress-related disorders PTSD and AjD are diagnosed rarely, resulting in a considerable gap between the expected prevalence and incidences of these diagnoses in healthcare in Lithuania. Moreover, a significant decline in mental disorders incidence in healthcare in 2020, in comparison to 2018 and 2019, was found, revealing that the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on access to healthcare services and increased barriers for mental disorders treatment. The study indicates that major developments in building up knowledge about the effects of trauma and life stressors on mental health are needed in Lithuania and other countries to increase awareness about stress-related disorders and improve care for trauma survivors, in particular in the context of the pandemics or other large-scale disasters.
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“For example, in Lithuania, no significant rise was observed in PTSD or adjustment disorder, possibly due to delayed diagnoses or service response differences (Kazlauskas et al., 2021).”
From Effectiveness Of Narrative Therapy In Addressing Psychological Challenges: A Systematic Review Of Randomised Controlled Trials (2026) · cites this paper as Kazlauskas et al., 2021
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Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
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Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusano, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790 · Cited by 1,448
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Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., van Ommeren, M., Jones, L. M., Humayan, A., Kagee, A., Llosa, A. E., Rousseau, C., et al. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20057 · Cited by 762
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Bryant, R. A. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20656 · Cited by 528 · cited 1×
“Stress- and trauma-related disorders prevalence are much higher in high-risk groups [6].”
Dragan, M., Grajewski, P., & Shevlin, M. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1860356 · Cited by 93 · cited 1×
“Studies show that women experience more distress during the COVID-19 pandemic [17], as well as more symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and AjD [14,19].”
Adjustment disorders: prevalence in a representative nationwide survey in Germany
Maercker, A., Forstmeier, S., Pielmaier, L., Spangenberg, L., Brähler, E., & Glaesmer, H. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0493-x · Cited by 92
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Permatasari, D. P., Windarwati, H. D., & Lestari, R. (2026) · Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.23917/indigenous.v11i1.13778
Metadata
- Authors
- Kazlauskas, E., Gelezelyte, O., Nomeikaite, A., & Zelviene, P.
- Affiliations
- Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, M. K. Ciurlionio Str. 29, LT-03100 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-10-22
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1422
- ISSN
- 2227-9032
- PMC
- PMC8623943
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 7
- Language
- en
- Funders
- European Social Fund (No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-03-0072)
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