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Cited by 42Menstrual Health and DisordersOvarian function and disordersMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

Early- and Late-Luteal-Phase Estrogen and Progesterone Levels of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

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Yen, Ju-Yu, Lin, Huang-Chi, Lin, Pai-Cheng, Liu, Tai-Ling, Long, Cheng-Yu, Ko, Chih-Hung·2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph16224352PMC PMC6888463
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Abstract

Objective/introduction: The dynamics of ovarian hormone fluctuations during the luteal phase of the menstruation cycle were previously suggested to contribute to the development of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) symptoms, but adequate empirical evidence has not been obtained from hormone concentration studies. We prospectively evaluated estrogen and progesterone levels in the early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) phases in women with PMDD and the association of these levels with PMDD symptom severity. Methods: 63 women with PMDD and 53 controls without such severe symptoms were evaluated for the estrogen and progesterone levels, and PMDD severity in the EL and LL phases. Results: The results demonstrated that the women with PMDD had a lower EL-phase estrogen level than the controls. Covariant analysis demonstrated that the interaction term between EL-phase estrogen and EL-phase progesterone level was associated with PMDD severity. Among women with lower EL estrogen levels, higher EL-phase progesterone was observed among the women with PMDD versus controls. These results suggest that low EL-phase estrogen level could moderate the provoking effect of EL progesterone in women with PMDD. Overall, these data suggest a possible role of estrogen and progesterone in the development of PMDD symptoms.

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  • This finding may be consistent with previous evidence that menstrual-associated symptoms are more closely related to altered central nervous system sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations than to absolute hormone concentrations.

    “This finding may be consistent with previous evidence suggesting that menstrual‐associated symptoms are more closely related to altered central nervous system sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations than to absolute hormone concentrations 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 .”

    From A study of changes in insulin requirements related to the menstrual cycle in Japanese women with type 1 diabetes using the advanced hybrid closed‐loop system (2026) · cites this paper as [21]

    The Introduction suggests that women with PMDD may have altered sensitivity to ovarian hormone dynamics, supporting the sensitivity-to-fluctuations part of the claim. But Discussion §4.1 reports lower early-luteal estrogen concentrations in women with PMDD, and §4.2 says serum concentration and dose may also matter. The paper therefore does not support the contrast that sensitivity is more closely related to symptoms than absolute concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Menstrual-associated symptoms are more closely related to altered central nervous system sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations than to absolute hormone concentrations.

    “This finding may be consistent with previous evidence suggesting that menstrual‐associated symptoms are more closely related to altered central nervous system sensitivity to hormonal fluctuations than to absolute hormone concentrations 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 .”

    From A study of changes in insulin requirements related to the menstrual cycle in Japanese women with type 1 diabetes using the advanced hybrid closed‐loop system (2026) · cites this paper as [21]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) suggests that women with PMDD may have altered sensitivity to ovarian hormone dynamics, and Discussion §4.3 describes increased sensitivity to a hormone metabolite’s GABA-receptor effect. But the paper does not establish that central nervous system sensitivity is more closely related to symptoms than absolute hormone concentrations; Discussion §§4.2–4.3 also identify hormone concentrations as relevant to symptom severity. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Research works printed but not linked: 36

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Yen, J.-Y., Lin, H.-C., Lin, P.-C., Liu, T.-L., Long, C.-Y., & Ko, C.-H.
Affiliations
  • Kaohsiung Medical University (TW)
  • Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital (TW)
Corresponding author
Ko, Chih-Hung
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-11-07
Volume
16
Issue
22
Pages
4352
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph16224352
PMC
PMC6888463
OpenAlex
W2985862302
Cited by
42
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1
FWCI
2.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST105-2629-B-037-001 and MOST106-2314-B-037-040-MY3)
  • Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital (kmtth-105-009)
  • Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH105-5R55; KMUH106-6R70)
  • Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital (KMHK-103-008)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, luteal phase, estrogen, progesterone, ovarian hormones, menstrual cycle, estrogen-progesterone interaction
MeSH terms
Adult, Estrogens, Female, Humans, Luteal Phase, Menstrual Cycle, Premenstrual Syndrome, Progesterone, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

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