Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Evidence for a new category for DSM-5
Open accessAbstract
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, which affects 2%–5% of premenopausal women, was included in Appendix B of DSMIV, "Criterion Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study." Since then, aided by the inclusion of specific and rigorous criteria in DSM-IV, there has been an explosion of research on the epidemiology, phenomenology, pathogenesis, and treatment of the disorder. In 2009, the Mood Disorders Work Group for DSM-5 convened a group of experts to examine the literature on premenstrual dysphoric disorder and provide recommendations regarding the appropriate criteria and placement for the disorder in DSM-5. Based on thorough review and lengthy discussion, the work group proposed that the information on the diagnosis, treatment, and validation of the disorder has matured sufficiently for it to qualify as a full category in DSM-5. A move to the position of category, rather than a criterion set in need of further study, will provide greater legitimacy for the disorder and encourage the growth of evidence-based research, ultimately leading to new treatments.
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Compared to the general population, women with ADHD are at increased risk of depression and depressive symptoms during periods of ovarian hormone fluctuations.
“Compared to the general population, women with ADHD are at increased risk of depression and depressive symptoms during periods of ovarian hormone fluctuations [20,41,89,90].”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [90]
The Concurrent Validators section reports that women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder, unlike healthy comparison subjects, experienced a return of negative affect when estradiol or progesterone was reintroduced. This supports a link between ovarian hormones and mood symptoms in that disorder, but the paper does not establish that women with ADHD have increased depression risk relative to the general population. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Sex differences in anxiety and depression clinical perspectives
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Page, C. E., Epperson, C. N., Novick, A. M., Duffy, K. A., & Thompson, S. M. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02625-2 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationFemale-specific pharmacotherapy in ADHD: Premenstrual adjustment of psychostimulant dosage
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- Authors
- Epperson, C. N., Steiner, M., Hartlage, S. A., Eriksson, E., Schmidt, P. J., Jones, I., & Yonkers, K. A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 169
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 465-475
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC3462360
- OpenAlex
- W2164867212
- Cited by
- 361
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 22.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH099910, R01MH072955, Z01MH002865)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA012164, K24DA030301, R01DA019135)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder, DSM-5, diagnostic classification, mood disorders, premenopausal women, diagnostic criteria, psychiatric classification, menstrual cycle
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Menstruation, Premenstrual Syndrome, Mood Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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