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Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of Their Sources and Toxicity
Open accessAbstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) were quantified at Seoul, Korea in 2018. The seasonal differences in the total concentration of PAHs and n-Alkanes were clear, where winter showed a higher concentration than that of summer. Compared to the PAHs measurements in 2002 at Seoul, the sum of PAHs concentrations in 2018 were reduced from 26.6 to 5.6 ng m−3. Major sources of the observed PAHs and n-alkanes were deduced from various indicators such as diagnostic ratios for PAHs and Cmax, CPI, and WNA (%) indices for n-alkanes. It was found that in winter coal and biomass combustions, and vehicular exhaust were major sources, while, in summer vehicular exhaust was major source. In addition, in winter, major emission sources were located outside of Seoul. The health effect from the recent level of PAHs was estimated and compared to the previous studies observed in Seoul, and it was found that, recently, the toxicity of PAHs in PM2.5 was significantly decreased, except for in the winter.
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“The major components of PAHs in Seoul and Denver were similar, and the average levels of PAHs during the winter season, according to the published data, are 16.1 ± 10.1ng/m3 and 3.1 ± 0.4 ng/m3 in Seoul and Denver, respectively (30–32).”
From Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction. (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kang, M., Kim, K., Choi, N., Kim, Y. P., & Lee, J. Y.
- Affiliations
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Ji Yi
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-02-21
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1397
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7068501
- OpenAlex
- W3008804306
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 3.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), the Ministry of Environment (ME), and the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW) (2017M3D8A1092015)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Coal and Its By-products
- Keywords
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, PM2.5, particulate matter, source apportionment, seasonal variation, coal combustion, biomass combustion, vehicle emissions, diagnostic ratios, health risk assessment, Seoul
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Alkanes, China, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Seasons, Particulate Matter, Republic of Korea, Seoul
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