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A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland
Open accessAbstract
Mitigating the adverse physical health risks associated with COVID-19 has been a priority of public health incentives. Less attention has been placed on understanding the psychological factors related to the global pandemic, especially among vulnerable populations. This qualitative study sought to understand the experiences of children and adolescents during COVID-19. This study interviewed 48 families during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, and a national lockdown, to understand its impacts. The study used an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. Parents and children discussed the negative impact of the restrictions on young people’s wellbeing. Children and adolescents experienced adverse mental health effects, including feelings of social isolation, depression, anxiety, and increases in maladaptive behaviour. Families with children with Autism Spectrum Disorders reported increased mental health difficulties during this period mostly due to changes to routine. The findings highlight the impact of severe restrictions on vulnerable populations’ wellbeing and mental health outcomes, including children, adolescents, and those with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Overview
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TL;DR
This qualitative IPA study of 48 Irish families (N = 94) during the first COVID-19 lockdown found that children and adolescents experienced adverse mental health effects, including social isolation, depression, anxiety, and maladaptive behaviour. Families with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder reported increased mental health difficulties, mostly due to changes in routine.
Key findings
- Parents and children described negative impacts of restrictions on young people’s wellbeing, including social isolation, depression, anxiety, and increases in maladaptive behaviour; one child aged 5 said, “I hated everything about COVID.”
- Adolescents commonly experienced depression and anxiety, and some mourned cancelled milestones such as graduation; parents reported seeking mental health services for teenage children.
- Families with children with ASD reported increased mental health difficulties during the period, mostly due to changes to routine, with anxiety, attachment difficulties, and existential anxiety described.
- The study interviewed 48 families (N = 94 completed interviews; 109 agreed to participate) during the first pandemic restrictions and national lockdown in Ireland.
Methods
- Qualitative study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), reported in accordance with COREQ, with online semistructured interviews conducted via Microsoft Teams; interviews lasted approximately 30 min and took place with families as a group.
- Forty-eight families (N = 94) were recruited through convenience and snowballing sampling via social media and networking platforms; parents, guardians, caregivers, and their children participated.
- Data were analysed using a thematic IPA approach in NVIVO following six steps outlined by Smith and Shinebourne; researchers initially coded separately, then discussed and analysed themes together, and counted frequency of code references presented in Table 2.
Limitations
- Stated: the sample was not equally distributed across demographics such as single-parent and two-parent families, socioeconomic backgrounds, and rural and urban settings; many families resided in Dublin, an urban setting, and mothers were more likely than fathers to be interviewed.
- Stated: remote interview technique limited nonverbal communication between interviewer and interviewee, which can provide important insights.
- Evident: findings are primarily based on parents’ and caregivers’ observations of young people’s mental health, and participation depended on willingness to participate, which may limit generalisability.
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Claims the paper makes
45 Own result · 40 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was limited peer interaction throughout the lockdown:”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.1. Children Have Borne the Brunt of Covid-19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“All the parents interviewed illustrated deep concern over the effects of the prolonged social isolation for their children:”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.2. Children’s Mental Health
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In the paper
“Children and young people were seen as having the worst experiences in the COVID-19 crisis because they could not be children.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.1. Children Have Borne the Brunt of Covid-19
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Families with children with Autism Spectrum Disorders reported increased mental health difficulties during this period mostly due to changes to routine.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One common theme that emerged was the direct impact that the restrictions were having on young people.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.1. Children Have Borne the Brunt of Covid-19
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to both the parents and children in this study, children's adverse mental outcomes were provoked by experiences of loneliness and social isolation.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.2. Children’s Mental Health
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In the paper
“Moreover, parents reported increased frustration among their children:”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.2. Children’s Mental Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Many families reported that to salvage the wellbeing within their family unit, they would not inflict home-schooling requirements onto their children:”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.2. Children’s Mental Health
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In the paper
“Interestingly, many parents of children younger than 10, noticed that their children developed increased negative or maladaptive behavioural changes following the restrictions.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.2. Children’s Mental Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several parents reported that their children experienced anxiety throughout the lockdown imposed by COVID-19.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.2. Children’s Mental Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
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Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Additionally, social interactions with peers contribute to adolescents’ social health, creating a sense of belonging and reducing feelings of burdensomeness on others. These factors are essential for interpersonal needs [38].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Social Isolation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [38] Oosterhoff, 2020, Adolescents’ Motivations to Engage in Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations with Mental and Social Health, J. Adolesc. Health Off. Publ. Soc. Adolesc. Med. source
The passage labeled Abstract explicitly says peer interactions enhance adolescents’ sense of belonging and reduce feelings of burdensomeness, and calls both crucial interpersonal needs. This directly supports the cited paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.95)
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Throughout the interviews, we observed the stresses and strains placed on families in the COVID-19 crisis.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.1. Children Have Borne the Brunt of Covid-19
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In the paper
“Many parents argued that their children struggled the most with the lockdown measures.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.1. Children Have Borne the Brunt of Covid-19
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents experienced adverse mental health effects, including feelings of social isolation, depression, anxiety, and increases in maladaptive behaviour.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > Abstract
plaindirectn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A recurring theme was how the young people were missing out the most through the pandemic and that their life was changed for the worse.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.1. Children Have Borne the Brunt of Covid-19
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Children were socially withdrawn and socially isolated—and parents said that children felt it much more than adults due to their lack of fluidity with digital means of communication.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.1. Children Have Borne the Brunt of Covid-19
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall families described their children as anxious and high strung during the pandemic, and that this was facilitated by the media coverage of the pandemic and the lack of access to friends and family.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.2. Children’s Mental Health
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In the paper
“Increased levels of anxiety and heightened fear were observed.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Behaviour Changes, Depression, and Anxiety among Young People
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In the paper
“A parent and teacher who works with a class of high- functioning adolescents on the ASD spectrum articulated that his students had a comprehensive understanding of the virus which provoked fear of COVID-19:”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.4. Mental Health Challenges for Children and Adolescents with Autism
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In the paper
“While adolescents experienced similar negative mental health outcomes to younger children, their mental health experiences manifested differently.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.3. Adolescents Mental Health
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In the paper
“Families in this study also described increases in adolescent anxiety, depression, and despair.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Social Isolation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A parent of an ASD child with high needs discussed that his child’s anxiety manifested in relation to his attachment difficulties:”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.4. Mental Health Challenges for Children and Adolescents with Autism
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In the paper
“At the same time, many mourned the cancellation of milestone events and were negatively affected by the loss of routine and guidance.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Social Isolation
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In the paper
“Anxiety was a prominent theme among these children as all families articulated its presence in the household.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.4. Mental Health Challenges for Children and Adolescents with Autism
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In the paper
“The lack of freedom forced teenagers to be confined to their household, which provoked various challenges.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 3. Results > 3.3. Adolescents Mental Health
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The findings highlight the impact of severe restrictions on vulnerable populations' wellbeing and mental health outcomes, including children, adolescents, and those with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD).”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > Abstract
plaindirectn = 48- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This study was conducted and reported in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ).”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.2. Design
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In the paper
“The analysis we employed followed the six steps outlined by Smith and Shinbourne [31]:”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.4. Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith and Shinbourne [31] Smith, J.A., and Shinebourne, P. (2012). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, American Psychological Association. source
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“A study in the United States (US) found that 13.2% of adolescents were receiving some form of mental health service from their school before the pandemic [24].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Lipari, R.N., Hedden, S., Blau, G., and Rubenstein, L. (2016). Adolescent mental health service use and reasons for using services in specialty, educational, and general medical settings. The CBHSQ Report, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration US.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There have been increases in adolescent anxiety [9,10], which has been due in some part to pandemic related restrictions [11,12].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Qi, 2020, Prevalence of anxiety and associated factors for Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Smirni, P., Lavanco, G., and Smirni, D. (2020). Anxiety in Older Adolescents at the Time of COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 9. source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Guessoum, 2020, Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown, Psychiatry Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., and Usta, M.B. (2020). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home-quarantine during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia Pac. Psychiatry, e12406. source
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In the paper
“The themes that emerged were then discussed and analysed together to determine the final themes.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.4. Data Analysis
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In the paper
“This study received ethical approval from The Social Research Ethics Subcommittee, Maynooth University (2407411).”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.1. Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Research shows that depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress are the most common psychological reactions to the pandemic in adults [1];”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., and Rubin, G.J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Because they are in a critical period of development, with half of all mental health disordered developing before the age of 14 [15], children and adolescents must be provided with adequate supports.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Escobar, D.F.S.S., Jesus, T.F., Noll, P.R.S., and Noll, M. (2020). Family and School Context: Effects on the Mental Health of Brazilian Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Parental stress caused by the pandemic-related factors may have a more significant impact on younger children, which can result in behavioural problems and can have a substantial effect on children with developmental disabilities [20].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Nearchou, F., Flinn, C., Niland, R., Subramaniam, S.S., and Hennessy, E. (2020). Exploring the impact of CoViD-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Consent was achieved verbally through the recruitment phone call and during the interview.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.3. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“increasing inequalities in parents' resources and shifting conditions of home environments may exacerbate disparities in opportunities for advantaged and disadvantaged youth [4].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] OECD (2020, November 25). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19): Combatting COVID-19’s Effect on Children. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/combatting-covid-19-s-effect-on-children-2e1f3b2f/.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Ireland has the fourth-highest suicide rate in Europe among young people [19].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] UNICEF (2017). Building the Future: Children and the Sustainable Development Goals in Rich Countries, UNICEF.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The extent of the impact will likely depend on factors like age, gender, socioeconomic indicators, and country of origin [13].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Caffo, 2020, Debate: COVID-19 and psychological well-being of children and adolescents in Italy, Child Adolesc. Ment. Health source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once interviews were transcribed, to ensure procedural consistency across interviews, all researchers initially separately coded the interviews.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.4. Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In line with the IPA approach, focuses on the subjective lived experiences of people [33], and, therefore, the researchers demonstrate reflexivity throughout the study [34].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.4. Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Corlett, S., and Mavin, S. (2020). Reflexivity and researcher positionality. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Business and Management Research Methods, SAGE.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early research has indicated an increase in adverse mental health outcomes for young people. These include increased levels of depression and anxiety [9,10] as well as a greater likelihood of post-traumatic stress symptoms [14].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Qi, 2020, Prevalence of anxiety and associated factors for Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Smirni, P., Lavanco, G., and Smirni, D. (2020). Anxiety in Older Adolescents at the Time of COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 9. source
- Not checked yetcites [14] De Miranda, D.M., Da Silva Athanasio, B., De Sena Oliveira, A.C., and Silva, A.C.S. (2020). How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents?. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct., 101845. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Children and adolescents with pre-existing mental health conditions may be more susceptible to new mental health conditions during the pandemic [22].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Chatterjee, 2020, Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health problems, Asian J. Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This approach benefits this research's quality, particularly concerning the data analysis as it buffers against personal experiences and biases impacting the research findings [35].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.4. Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Given, 2008, Diversity Issues, The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interviews were conducted by Amy McGrane, MSc, who was provided with interview training by the research's principal investigator, Katriona O'Sullivan.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.4. Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the beginning of each interview, families were informed of their right to leave the research at any time without suffering any consequences.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 2. Method > 2.3. Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“evidence suggests that young people are less likely to experience severe symptoms from contracting the disease [3]”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Verity, R., Okell, L.C., Dorigatti, I., Winskill, P., Whittaker, C., Imai, N., and Ferguson, N.M. (2020). Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: A model-based analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UNSDG) labels them a vulnerable group that is at-risk for becoming its biggest victims and for some, the impact will be lifelong [2].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] UNSDG (2020, November 25). Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond. Available online: https://unsdg.un.org/resources/policy-brief-education-during-covid-19-and-beyond.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Ireland, the landscape of youth mental health has deteriorated over recent years. There is a notable increase in anxiety and depression among young people and higher rates of self-harm [18].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Dooley, B., O’Connor, C., Fitzgerald, A., and O’Reilly, A. (2019). My World Survey 2: The National Survey of Youth Mental Health, UCD.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early evidence suggests that around 9 in 10 young people are screening with moderate-to-severe depression and 8 in 10 with moderate-to-severe anxiety, as a result of the crisis [30].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Mental Health America (2020). COVID-19 and Mental Health, Mental Health America. Available online: https://mhanational.org/sites/default/files/Coronavirus%20Mental%20Health%20Presentation%207-1-2020.pdf.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prolonged quarantine, fear of infections, boredom, insufficient personal space, and separation from classmates and teachers causes stress in children and adolescents [12].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Stress over Home-Schooling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Kılınçel, Ş., Kılınçel, O., Muratdağı, G., Aydın, A., and Usta, M.B. (2020). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home-quarantine during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia Pac. Psychiatry, e12406. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety during these formable years with half of all mental health disordered developing before the age of 14 [15].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Social Isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Escobar, D.F.S.S., Jesus, T.F., Noll, P.R.S., and Noll, M. (2020). Family and School Context: Effects on the Mental Health of Brazilian Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increases in parental stress during quarantine is associated with their children's negative emotions and behaviour; the more stressed a child's parent is, the more stressed the child themselves are [26].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Delvecchio, E., Mazzeschi, C., and Espada, J.P. (2020). Immediate Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Quarantine in Youth from Italy and Spain. Front. Psychol., 1–13. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With schools closed and the decrease in services offered by them, home-schooling stresses may be acting to exacerbate the long-term psychological impacts on young people; young people’s experience in this study point towards this.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Stress over Home-Schooling
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the United States, epidemiological data indicated that 35% of adolescents who used mental health services between 2012 and 2015 availed their school’s mental health services [10].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.2. Stress over Home-Schooling
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Smirni, P., Lavanco, G., and Smirni, D. (2020). Anxiety in Older Adolescents at the Time of COVID-19. J. Clin. Med., 9. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These parental mental health difficulties may lead to negative parenting behaviours related to nurturing and monitoring, decreased attention to a child's needs and more significant dysfunction within the home [27,28].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Elgar, 2007, Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and child maladjustment: The mediating role of parental behavior, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Wilson, 2020, Effects of paternal depression on fathers’ parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review, Clin. Psychol. Rev. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased family stress exacerbated by home-schooling and reduced psychological supports through school means that young people might be more vulnerable [29].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Bubb, 2020, Learning from the COVID-19 home-schooling experience: Listening to pupils, parents/carers and teachers, Improv. Sch. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mental health problems emerge in early childhood, with almost half of the acute mental illnesses occurring by the age of 14, and 75 per cent manifest by the mid-20s [4].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 1. Introduction > The Psychological Impact of Covid-19 on Children and Adolescents
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] OECD (2020, November 25). OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19): Combatting COVID-19’s Effect on Children. Available online: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/combatting-covid-19-s-effect-on-children-2e1f3b2f/.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For adolescents, this risk is complicated by how hormonal and neurobiological changes correspond to increased emotional reactivity and continual development of stress regulation and coping strategies [38].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.1. Social Isolation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Oosterhoff, 2020, Adolescents’ Motivations to Engage in Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations with Mental and Social Health, J. Adolesc. Health Off. Publ. Soc. Adolesc. Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results highlight children’s mental and emotional vulnerability during this pandemic, especially those with developmental disabilities.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.4. Young People with Autism Mental Health Negatively Impacted
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of freedom forced upon young people through the national restrictions provoked various challenges; with the closure of schools and home-quarantine increasing anxiety and loneliness among adolescents and increasing negative behaviour in younger children.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.3. Behaviour Changes, Depression, and Anxiety among Young People
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second limitation is the use of the remote interview technique. Though this was an essential tool because of COVID-19, this technique limits nonverbal communication between the interviewer and interviewee and nonverbal communication can provide important insights into the interview.”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.5. Limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous research shows that these children are at increased risk as the pandemic dissipates and that they require specific interventions to minimise having disproportionate consequences on their psychosocial and emotional wellbeing [41].”
§ A Qualitative Study of Child and Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Ireland > 4. Discussion > 4.4. Young People with Autism Mental Health Negatively Impacted
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Aishworiya, R., and Kang, Y.Q. (2020). Including Children with Developmental Disabilities in the Equation During this COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 1–4. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The impact of COVID-19 on young people is not fully understood.
“however, the impact of COVID-19 on young people is not fully understood.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There will be mental health consequences resulting from the pandemic.
“Though the longitudinal data is not yet available, the assumption is that there will be mental health consequences resulting from the pandemic [7].”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The psychosocial effects of COVID-19 will disproportionately affect young people.
“With the assumption that the psychosocial effects of COVID-19 will disproportionately affect young people, the immediate and long-term consequences must be understood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The short- and long-term impacts of COVID-19 on young people's mental health are unclear, as is whether it will cause an increase in mental health disorders in younger people.
“The short- and long-term impacts are unclear, as well as if it will cause an increase in mental health disorders in younger people.”
The paper relies on this without support.
To date, there has been little systematic research exploring the psychological impact of the pandemic on children and adolescents in Ireland.
“To date, there has been little systematic research exploring the psychological impact of the pandemic on children and adolescents in Ireland.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The potential short and long-term impact of COVID-19 on children and adolescents' psychological wellbeing is unclear.
“The potential short and long-term impact of COVID-19 on children and adolescents' psychological wellbeing is unclear, making this study imperative to understanding these prospective impacts and informing needed interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children and adolescents' psychological wellbeing is critical for good mental health later in life.
“It is well documented that children and adolescents' psychological wellbeing is critical for good mental health later in life.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Parents and caregivers can accurately observe and report their children's mental health experiences.
“documents the psychological effects on young people primarily through parents and caregivers’ observation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health restrictions, including school closures and lockdowns, occurred in Ireland during the study period.
“The closure of schools shifted education from the classroom to the home.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The effect of pandemic-related disruptions in routine may be felt more acutely by children and young people with pre-existing conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder.”
In the citing paper
“In Ireland, children and adolescents have experienced feelings of social isolation, depression, anxiety and increases in maladaptive behaviour [13].”
Citations
Cites
The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Spiers, J., & A.Smith, J. (2020) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526421036813346 · Cited by 4,048
Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model-based analysis
Verity, R., Okell, L. C., Dorigatti, I., Winskill, P., Whittaker, C., Imai, N., Cuomo-Dannenburg, G., Thompson, H., Walker, P. G. T., Fu, H., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30243-7 · Cited by 3,660
Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., & Crawley, E. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009 · Cited by 2,906 · cited 3×
“Research has shown that social isolation and loneliness are impacting young people [8], and there have been increases in adolescent anxiety [9,10], due in some part to pandemic related restrictions [11,12].”
BackgroundInterpretative phenomenological analysis.
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Golberstein, E., Wen, H., & Miller, B. F. (2020) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456 · Cited by 1,140 · cited 1×
“The closure of schools has led to many children losing access to mental health services received directly through their schools [23].”
BackgroundAdolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown
Guessoum, S. B., Lachal, J., Radjack, R., Carretier, E., Minassian, S., Benoit, L., & Moro, M. R. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264 · Cited by 1,025
Policy Brief: Education during COVID-19 and beyond
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Given, 2008, Diversity Issues, The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods, Volume 1, 226
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Review: Mental health impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on children and youth – a systematic review
Samji, H., Wu, J., Ladak, A., Vossen, C., Stewart, E., Dove, N., Long, D., & Snell, G. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12501 · Cited by 953
“…depression, anxiety, and behavior problems since the start of the pandemic (Asbury et al., 2020; Breaux et al., 2021; Colizzi et al., 2020; O’Sullivan et al., 2021; Secer & Ulas, 2020; Zhang, Zhang, et al., 2020); similarly, those with chronic physical health conditions including chronic…”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of COVID-19-Related School Closures on Student Achievement-A Systematic Review
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Metadata
- Authors
- O’Sullivan, K., Clark, S., McGrane, A., Rock, N., Burke, L., Boyle, N., Joksimovic, N., & Marshall, K.
- Affiliations
- National University of Ireland, Maynooth (IE)
- Corresponding author
- O’Sullivan, Katriona
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-25
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1062
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7908364
- OpenAlex
- W3123638009
- Semantic Scholar
- 12a7d598e107b43e2540ff084bcc02f66f69e868
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 55
- FWCI
- 43.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Maynooth University ePrints and eTheses Archive (Maynooth University) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Science Foundation Ireland (20/COV/0151)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, child mental health, adolescent mental health, lockdown measures, social isolation, depression, anxiety, maladaptive behavior, autism spectrum disorder, family well-being, vulnerable populations, Ireland
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, Adolescent Health, Autism Spectrum Disorder, COVID-19, Adolescent, Child, Communicable Disease Control, Humans, Ireland, Mental Health, Vulnerable Populations, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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