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Vinyl-Asbestos Floor Risk Exposure in Three Different Simulations

Zichella, Lorena, Baudana, Fiorenza, Zanetti, Giovanna, Marini, Paola·2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph18042073PMC PMC7924406
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Abstract

Vinyl floors are widely used in public areas for their low cost and easy cleaning. From 1960 to 1980, asbestos was often added to improve vinyl floor performances. The Italian Ministerial Decree (M.D.) 06/09/94 indicates asbestos vinyl tiles as non-friable materials and, therefore, few dangerous to human health. This work aims to check through three different experimental tests if asbestos floor tiles, after decades of use, maintain their characteristics of compactness and non-friability. The effect of a small stone fragment stuck in the sole of rubber shoes was reproduced by striking the vinyl floor with a crampon. A vinyl tile was broken into smaller pieces with the aid of pliers to simulate what normally happens when workers replace the floors or sample it to verify the presence of asbestos. The third test reproduced the abrasion of the tile surface due to the dragging of furniture or heavy materials or sand grains that remain attached to the soles of shoes. The tests were carried out in safe conditions, working under an extractor hood with a glove box. Airborne sampling in the hood obtained the concentration of asbestos fibers produced in each test. The simulation tests performed confirms the possible release of fibers if the vinyl tiles are cut, abraded or perforated, as indicated by the Italian M.D.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph18042073

Cites

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Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 (a) San Vittore (Balangero, Turin, Italy) quarry, flyer extract for asbestos fiber production. Asbestos group 7 is circled in green, probably used for vinyl-asbestos floor. (b) Particularitiesof the subdivision of the group of milled asbestos (source: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiantifera_di_Balangero; accessed on 10 January 2021).
Figure 1 (a) San Vittore (Balangero, Turin, Italy) quarry, flyer extract for asbestos fiber production. Asbestos group 7 is circled in green, probably used for vinyl-asbestos floor. (b) Particularitiesof the subdivision of the group of milled asbestos (source: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiantifera_di_Balangero; accessed on 10 January 2021).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Evaluation scheme of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in building and recommendations (from Article 1, Annex: Standards and Technical Methods for Risk Assessment, Control, Maintenance and Remediation of Materials Containing Asbestos Present in Building Structure, Risk Assessment, Table 2 of M.D. 6/9/94 [4].
Figure 2 Evaluation scheme of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in building and recommendations (from Article 1, Annex: Standards and Technical Methods for Risk Assessment, Control, Maintenance and Remediation of Materials Containing Asbestos Present in Building Structure, Risk Assessment, Table 2 of M.D. 6/9/94 [4].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 (a) Sample F—squared floor green tiles with white and black stripes, more flexible and in good condition (b) Sample R—squared floor black tiles with beige stripes, quite rigid and in fairly good condition.
Figure 3 (a) Sample F—squared floor green tiles with white and black stripes, more flexible and in good condition (b) Sample R—squared floor black tiles with beige stripes, quite rigid and in fairly good condition.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 F sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of incorporated fibers of chrysotile; (b) spectrum of chrysotile and vinyl chloride composition.
Figure 4 F sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of incorporated fibers of chrysotile; (b) spectrum of chrysotile and vinyl chloride composition.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 R sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of incorporated fibers of chrysotile; (b) spectrum of chrysotile and vinyl chloride composition.
Figure 5 R sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of incorporated fibers of chrysotile; (b) spectrum of chrysotile and vinyl chloride composition.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 F sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of free fibers of chrysotile with measurement values; (b) spectrum of chrysotile.
Figure 6 F sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of free fibers of chrysotile with measurement values; (b) spectrum of chrysotile.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 R sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of free fibers of chrysotile with measurement values; (b) spectrum of chrysotile.
Figure 7 R sample SEM analysis. (a) Photo of free fibers of chrysotile with measurement values; (b) spectrum of chrysotile.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 (a) Confined hood with gloves for simulation tests. (b) The airborne retrieval through a polycarbonate membrane.
Figure 8 (a) Confined hood with gloves for simulation tests. (b) The airborne retrieval through a polycarbonate membrane.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Multigrip plier breakage test.
Figure 9 Multigrip plier breakage test.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 Vinyl tile crampon test inside the confined hood.
Figure 10 Vinyl tile crampon test inside the confined hood.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 (a) Sandpaper used for the test. Left: fine sandpaper (dimensions: P120). Right: coarse sandpaper (dimensions: P40). (b) Performed mechanical abrasion test inside the confined hood.
Figure 11 (a) Sandpaper used for the test. Left: fine sandpaper (dimensions: P120). Right: coarse sandpaper (dimensions: P40). (b) Performed mechanical abrasion test inside the confined hood.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Phase-contrast microscope (PCOM) photos of the powder obtained by means of abrasion test. Chrysotile fiber with part of the vinyl glue remain attached.
Figure 12 Phase-contrast microscope (PCOM) photos of the powder obtained by means of abrasion test. Chrysotile fiber with part of the vinyl glue remain attached.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 13 Sample F airborne sample of multigrip plier breakage simulation. (a) SEM photo; (b) spectrum with Mg and Si peaks indicating Chrysotile presence.
Figure 13 Sample F airborne sample of multigrip plier breakage simulation. (a) SEM photo; (b) spectrum with Mg and Si peaks indicating Chrysotile presence.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 14 R airborne sample of multigrip plier breakage simulation. (a) SEM photo; (b) spectrum with Mg and Si peaks indicating Chrysotile presence.
Figure 14 R airborne sample of multigrip plier breakage simulation. (a) SEM photo; (b) spectrum with Mg and Si peaks indicating Chrysotile presence.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 15 Sample R airborne sample of simulation for impact and drag with crampons. (a) SEM photo of incorporated asbestos fibers in the vinyl-adhesive matrix. (b) Spectrum with Mg and Si Chrysotile peaks and Cl and Ca adhesive matrix peaks.
Figure 15 Sample R airborne sample of simulation for impact and drag with crampons. (a) SEM photo of incorporated asbestos fibers in the vinyl-adhesive matrix. (b) Spectrum with Mg and Si Chrysotile peaks and Cl and Ca adhesive matrix peaks.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 16 Sample F airborne sample of simulation for impact and drag with crampons. (a) SEM photo of part of the matrix without asbestos fibers. (b) Spectrum of the adhesive matrix.
Figure 16 Sample F airborne sample of simulation for impact and drag with crampons. (a) SEM photo of part of the matrix without asbestos fibers. (b) Spectrum of the adhesive matrix.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 17 F airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with fine-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of Chrysotile bundle. (b) Spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.
Figure 17 F airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with fine-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of Chrysotile bundle. (b) Spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 18 R airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with fine-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of little Chrysotile free fibers;(b) spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.
Figure 18 R airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with fine-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of little Chrysotile free fibers;(b) spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 19 F airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with coarse-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of Chrysotile bundle; (b) spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.
Figure 19 F airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with coarse-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of Chrysotile bundle; (b) spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 20 R airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with coarse-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of Chrysotile free fiber bundle; (b) spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.
Figure 20 R airborne sample of abrasion simulation test with coarse-grained sandpaper. (a) SEM photo of Chrysotile free fiber bundle; (b) spectrum of Chrysotile with typical Mg and Si peaks.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 21 Histogram of the fiber/liter values calculated according to Ministerial Decree 06/09/1994 [4], for all tests carried out on samples R and F. The horizontal red line indicates the limit detection value.
Figure 21 Histogram of the fiber/liter values calculated according to Ministerial Decree 06/09/1994 [4], for all tests carried out on samples R and F. The horizontal red line indicates the limit detection value.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. Williams, 2003, Asbestos release during removal of resilient floor covering materials by recommended work practices of the resilient floor covering institute, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 18, 466, 10.1080/713833178 · DOI
  2. (2020, December 03). Legislative Decree 9 April 2008, n. 81. Text coordinated with Legislative Decree 3 August 2009, n. 106. Testo unico ON HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK. Implementation of Article 1 of the Law of 3 August 2007, n. 123 concerning the protection of health and safety in the workplace. (Official Journal No. 101 of April 30, 2008—Ordinary Supplement No. 108) (Additional and corrective decree: Official Journal No. 180 of August 5, 2009—Ordinary Supplement No. 142/L. Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2008/04/30/008G0104/sg.
  3. Campopiano, 2004, Airborne asbestos levels in school buildings in Italy, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 1, 256, 10.1080/15459620490433771 · DOI
  4. Kominsky, 1998, Asbestos exposures during routine floor tile maintenance. Part 1: Spray-buffing and wet-stripping, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 13, 101, 10.1080/1047322X.1998.10389133 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Dodson, 2003, Asbestos fiber length as related to potential pathogenicity: A critical review, Am. J. Ind. Med., 44, 291, 10.1002/ajim.10263 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Clerc, 2018, Assessment of occupational exposure to asbestos fibers: Contribution of analytical transmission electron microscopy analysis and comparison with phase-contrast microscopy, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 15, 263, 10.1080/15459624.2017.1412583 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Perez, 2018, A meta-analysis of airborne asbestos fiber concentrations from work with or around asbestos-containing floor tile, Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 24, 134, 10.1080/10773525.2018.1533671 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Lange, 2005, Asbestos-containing floor tile and mastic abatement: is there enough exposure to cause asbestos-related disease?, Indoor Built Environ., 14, 83, 10.1177/1420326X05050675 · DOI
  9. Paustenbach, 2004, Occupational exposure to airborne asbestos from coatings, mastics, and adhesives, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 14, 234, 10.1038/sj.jea.7500320 · DOI
  10. Lange, 2002, Impact of asbestos concentrations in floor tiles on exposure during removal, Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 12, 293, 10.1080/0960312021000056401 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Crossman, 1996, Quantification of Fiber Releases for Various Floor Tile Removal Methods, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 11, 1113, 10.1080/1047322X.1996.10389381 · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Zichella, L., Baudana, F., Zanetti, G., & Marini, P.
Affiliations
Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-02-20
Volume
18
Issue
4
Pages
2073
ISSN
1660-4601
DOI
10.3390/ijerph18042073
PMC
PMC7924406
Cited by
9
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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