The dynamics of norovirus outbreak epidemics: Recent insights
Open accessAbstract
Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Norovirus outbreaks frequently occur as epidemics which appear to be related to both genetic and environmental factors. This review considers recent progress in understanding these factors. The norovirus genome undergoes continuous change and this appears to be important in the persistence of the virus in the community. Studies on the common GII.4 genotype have shown that some norovirus outbreak epidemics involving this genotype are correlated with specific changes in the genome. In contrast to the growing understanding of the role of genetic factors in norovirus outbreak epidemics, the role of environmental factors is less well understood. Topics reviewed here include long term excretion of norovirus in some individuals, long term survivability of norovirus in the environment, the role of meteorological factors in the control of norovirus outbreaks and the possible zoonotic transmission of the virus.
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In contrast to children, sickness and diarrhea in adults are often caused by norovirus and campylobacter.
“In contrast to children, sickness and diarrhea in adults are often caused by norovirus [62] and campylobacter [63].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [62]
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- Authors
- Marshall, J. A., & Bruggink, L. D.
- Affiliations
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Marshall, John A.
- ORCID
- Bruggink, Leesa D.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2011-04-15
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1141-1149
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3118882
- OpenAlex
- W2077809810
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis Viruses Studies and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- norovirus, norovirus outbreaks, gastroenteritis, viral persistence, meteorological factors, zoonotic transmission, outbreak epidemiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Environmental Exposure, Genotype, Humans, Caliciviridae Infections, Norovirus
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