The DOI matches its Crossref record; 244 of the 244 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets
Open accessAbstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common idiopathic interstitial pulmonary disease with a median survival of 2–4 years after diagnosis. A significant number of IPF patients have risk factors, such as a history of smoking or concomitant emphysema, both of which can predispose the patient to lung cancer (LC) (mostly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)). In fact, IPF itself increases the risk of LC development by 7% to 20%. In this regard, there are multiple common genetic, molecular, and cellular processes that connect lung fibrosis with LC, such as myofibroblast/mesenchymal transition, myofibroblast activation and uncontrolled proliferation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alterations of growth factors expression, oxidative stress, and large genetic and epigenetic variations that can predispose the patient to develop IPF and LC. The current approved IPF therapies, pirfenidone and nintedanib, are also active in LC. In fact, nintedanib is approved as a second line treatment in NSCLC, and pirfenidone has shown anti-neoplastic effects in preclinical studies. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in the development of LC in patients with IPF as well as in current IPF and LC-IPF candidate therapies based on novel molecular advances.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: TGF-β1 induces alveolar epithelial to mesenchymal transition in vitro
Yao, H.-W., Xie, Q.-M., Chen, J., Deng, Y., & Tang, H. (2004) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.06.019 · Cited by 109
RetractedHallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation
Hanahan, D., & Weinberg, R. A. (2011) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 · Cited by 66,590
Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012
Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., Rebelo, M., Parkin, D. M., Forman, D., & Bray, F. (2015) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.29210 · Cited by 28,766
The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Kalluri, R., & Weinberg, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci39104 · Cited by 10,196
Raghu, G., Collard, H. R., Egan, J. J., Martinez, F. J., Behr, J., Brown, K. K., Colby, T. V., Cordier, J.-F., Flaherty, K. R., Lasky, J. A., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.2009-040gl · Cited by 7,186
Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets
Murray, P. J., & Wynn, T. A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3073 · Cited by 5,269
The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer
Kalluri, R. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.73 · Cited by 4,366
Tumor-Associated Macrophages: From Mechanisms to Therapy
Noy, R., & Pollard, J. W. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.010 · Cited by 4,089
Levy, J. M. M., Towers, C. G., & Thorburn, A. (2017) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.53 · Cited by 2,526
Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention
Dela Cruz, C. S., Tanoue, L. T., & Matthay, R. A. (2011) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001 · Cited by 2,484
Cited by
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Acute and Chronic Lung Injuries
Bezerra, F. S., Lanzetti, M., Nesi, R. T., Nagato, A. C., Silva, C. P. E., Kennedy-Feitosa, E., Melo, A. C., Cattani-Cavalieri, I., Porto, L. C., & Valenca, S. S. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12030548 · Cited by 336
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Pneumonitis
Gomatou, G., Tzilas, V., Kotteas, E., Syrigos, K., & Bouros, D. (2020) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000509941 · Cited by 75
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Resurrection Time
Effendi, W. I., & Nagano, T. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010171 · Cited by 59
Radon Biomonitoring and microRNA in Lung Cancer
Bersimbaev, R., Pulliero, A., Bulgakova, O., Kussainova, A., Aripova, A., & Izzotti, A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21062154 · Cited by 53
Luo, J., Zhang, T., Zhu, C., Sun, J., Zhu, W., Ai, W., Huang, X., & Wang, X. (2020) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.15505 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Ballester, B., Milara, J., & Cortijo, J.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-01-30
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 593
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2913356394
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 244
- FWCI
- 22.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/ijms20030593
- The paper
- Ballester, B., Milara, J., & Cortijo, J. (2019). Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer: Mechanisms and Molecular Targets. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030593
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
