5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology
Open accessAbstract
L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.
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When AhR is triggered, overall endogenous pineal melatonin production is suppressed.
“When AhR is triggered, overall endogenous pineal melatonin production is suppressed [32,55,56,57,58].”
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- Authors
- Maffei, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Turin (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maffei, Massimo E.
- ORCID
- Maffei, Massimo E.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-12-26
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 181
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7796270
- OpenAlex
- W3116316624
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Turin (localgrants2020)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- 5-hydroxytryptophan, tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin synthesis, melatonin synthesis, tryptophan, dietary supplements, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus, serotonin syndrome, toxic impurities
- MeSH terms
- Toxicological Phenomena, Animals, Mental Disorders, Biotechnology, Humans, 5-Hydroxytryptophan, Obesity, Sleep Wake Disorders, Serotonin Syndrome
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