Dehydrogenation of Betacyanins in Heated Betalain-Rich Extracts of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Open accessAbstract
Betacyanins are a group of water-soluble red-violet compounds containing nitrogen in their structure. These are biosynthesized in red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), a widely consumed vegetable that contains significant amounts of nutritious and bioactive compounds which are also found in dietary supplements. This contribution presents results of betacyanin thermal oxidation (resulting in dehydrogenation) interrelated with decarboxylation in selected acetate/phosphate buffers at pH 3–8 and at 85 °C, which may be of particular significance for formulation and performance of foods. Most of the reaction products were detected at the highest concentrations in the acidic solutions (pH 3–4). The main dehydrogenation reaction pathways were monitored by LC-DAD-MS/MS and were associated with decarboxylation of the principal extract pigments, betanin/isobetanin and neobetanin, at carbon positions C-2 and C-17. Additional reactions are accompanied by the 2,15-decarboxylation processes at different dehydrogenation levels with 15-decarboxy-betanin and 2,15-bidecarboxy-betanin, structurally elucidated by NMR analysis, as the distinct indicators of this route type. For other novel pigments detected, 2,15-bidecarboxy-xanbetanin, 2,15-bidecarboxy-xanneobetanin and 2,15,17-tridecarboxy-neobetanin, additional high resolution mass spectrometric analyses were performed and confirmed their molecular formulas.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The bioactivity of betalains depends on stability within food matrices, as pH, temperature and light exposure can influence degradation and bioavailability.
“However, their bioactivity depends on stability within food matrices, as pH, temperature and light exposure can influence degradation and bioavailability [73,74].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [74]
The Introduction states that temperature can degrade betalains and that pH and light limit their stability in solutions, a concern for food use. It does not establish that stability within food matrices determines bioactivity or that these exposures affect bioavailability. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition
Stintzing, F. C., & Carle, R. (2003) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2003.07.004 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Recent advances in betalain research
Strack, D., Vogt, T., & Schliemann, W. (2003) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00564-2 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Betalains: properties, sources, applications, and stability – a review
de Azeredo, H. M. C. (2008) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01668.x · Cited by 749 · see citing works
BetalainsA New Class of Dietary Cationized Antioxidants
Kanner, J., Harel, S., & Granit, R. (2001) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf010456f · Cited by 645 · see citing works
The Potential Benefits of Red Beetroot Supplementation in Health and Disease
Clifford, T., Howatson, G., West, D., & Stevenson, E. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7042801 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Betalain Stability and Degradation—Structural and Chromatic Aspects
Herbach, K. M., Stintzing, F. C., & Carle, R. (2006) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00022.x · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Nemzer, B. V., Pietrzkowski, Z. J., Spórna‐Kucab, A., Stalica, P., Thresher, W. C., Michałowski, T., & Wybraniec, S. (2010) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.081 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Self-citationColor Properties and Stability of Betacyanins fromOpuntiaFruits
Castellar, R., Obón, J. M., Alacid, M., & Fernández-López, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf021045h · Cited by 293 · see citing works
In vivo and in vitro antioxidant effects of beetroot pomace extracts
Vulić, J., Ćebović, T. N., Čanadanović‐Brunet, J. M., Ćetković, G., Čanadanović, V. M., Djilas, S., & Šaponjac, V. T. (2013) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.003 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Sawicki, T., Bączek, N., & Wiczkowski, W. (2016) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2016.09.004 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Gliszczyńska‐Świgło, A., Szymusiak, H., & Malinowska, P. (2006) · Food Additives & Contaminants · doi:10.1080/02652030600986032 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
J. Kapadia, G., A. Azuine, M., Subba Rao, G., Arai, T., Iida, A., & Tokuda, H. (2011) · Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/187152011795347504 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Wybraniec, S. (2005) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf048088d · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationInactivation of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by natural betalains and semi-synthetic analogues
Vidal, P. J., López-Nicolás, M., Gandía‐Herrero, F., & García‐Carmona, F. (2014) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.014 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
The Role of Phenolic Hydroxy Groups in the Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Betalains
Gandía‐Herrero, F., Escribano, J., & García‐Carmona, F. (2009) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np900131r · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Gandía‐Herrero, F., Escribano, J., & García‐Carmona, F. (2005) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.104.057992 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Multi-colored shades of betalains: recent advances in betacyanin chemistry
Kumorkiewicz‐Jamro, A., Świergosz, T., Sutor-Świeży, K., Spórna‐Kucab, A., & Wybraniec, S. (2021) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/d1np00018g · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationZielińska‐Przyjemska, M., Olejnik, A. M., Dobrowolska, A., & Grajek, W. (2008) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.2535 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Pasch, J., & von Elbe, J. H. (1979) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1979.tb10007.x · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Betalain production in plant in vitro systems
Georgiev, V., Ilieva, M. P., Bley, T., & Pavlov, A. I. (2008) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-008-0170-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Hidalgo, A., Brandolini, A., Čanadanović-Brunet, J., Ćetković, G., & Tumbas Šaponjac, V. (2018) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.062 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Wybraniec, S., & Mizrahi, Y. (2005) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf050700t · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationNew Pathways of Betanidin and Betanin Enzymatic Oxidation
Wybraniec, S., & Michałowski, T. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf2020107 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationAntioxidant Activity of Betanidin: Electrochemical Study in Aqueous Media
Wybraniec, S., Stalica, P., Spórna‐Kucab, A., Nemzer, B. V., Pietrzkowski, Z. J., & Michałowski, T. (2011) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf2024769 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationDegradation kinetics of betanin in solutions as influenced by oxygen
Attoe, E. L., & von Elbe, J. H. (1982) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00112a021 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Studies on Nonenzymatic Oxidation Mechanisms in Neobetanin, Betanin, and Decarboxylated Betanins
Wybraniec, S., Starzak, K., Skopińska, A., Nemzer, B. V., Pietrzkowski, Z. J., & Michałowski, T. (2013) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf400818s · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationIntramolecular stabilization of acylated betacyanins
Schliemann, W., & Strack, D. (1998) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00047-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF RED BEET JUICE AND CONTENTS OF ITS BETALAIN PIGMENTS
Czapski, J., Mikołajczyk, K., & Kaczmarek, M. (2009) · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · Cited by 53 · see citing works
INFLUENCE OF BETALAIN-RICH EXTRACT ON REDUCTION OF DISCOMFORT ASSOCIATED WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS**
Pietrzkowski, Z. J., Nemzer, B. V., Tresher, W., Keller, R., Jimenez, R., & Micha, T. (2010) · New Medicine · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic structural elucidation of new decarboxylated betacyanins
Wybraniec, S., Nowak‐Wydra, B., & Mizrahi, Y. (2006) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.01.046 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationHavl�kov�, L., Mikov�, K., & Kyzlink, V. (1983) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/bf01082487 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Savolainen, K., & Kuusi, T. (1978) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/bf01122999 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Mabry, T. J. (2001) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/np010524s · Cited by 41 · see citing works
2-Descarboxybetanidin, a minor betacyanin from carpobrotus acinaciformis
Piattelli, M., & Impellizzeri, G. (1970) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)85776-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Das, S., Filippone, S. M., Williams, D. S., Das, A., & Kukreja, R. C. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-016-2789-8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Alternative Mechanisms of Betacyanin Oxidation by Complexation and Radical Generation
Kumorkiewicz, A., Szmyr, N., Popenda, Ł., Pietrzkowski, Z., & Wybraniec, S. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01168 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationOne-Step Synthesis of Betalains Using a Novel Betalamic Acid Derivatized Support
Cabanes, J., Gandía‐Herrero, F., Escribano, J., García‐Carmona, F., & Jiménez‐Atiénzar, M. (2014) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf500506y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Thermal Decarboxylation of Betacyanins in Red Beet Betalain-Rich Extract
Kumorkiewicz‐Jamro, A., Sutor-Świeży, K., Nemzer, B. V., Pietrzkowski, Z. J., & Wybraniec, S. (2020) · Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.31883/pjfns/114897 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationEkiert, H., Ramawat, K. G., & Arora, J. (2020) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45299-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kumorkiewicz‐Jamro, A., Szneler, E., & Wybraniec, S. (2018) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04941 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationWybraniec, S., Starzak, K., Szneler, E., & Pietrzkowski, Z. J. (2016) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.040 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationKhan, M. I., KUMAR, A., & Giridhar, P. (2015) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF BOTANY · doi:10.3906/bot-1405-32 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Stability of Natural Colorants of Plant Origin
Kaimainen, M. (2014) · UTUPub (University of Turku) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bastos, E. L., & Schliemann, W. (2021) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45299-5_9-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [4]Zrÿd J.P. Christinet L. Betalains Plant Pigments and Their Manipulation, Annual Plant Review Davis K. RC Press/Blackwell Oxford, UK 2004 Volume 14 185 213
- [48]Strack D. Steglich W. Wray V. Betalains Methods in Plant Biochemistry Dey P.M. Harborne J.B. Waterman P.G. Academic Press London, UK 1993 Volume 8 421 450
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Соколова, Д. В., Shvachko, N. A., Mikhailova, A. S., & Popov, V. S. (2022) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy12051033 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Antioxidant Capacity, Antitumor Activity and Metabolomic Profile of a Beetroot Peel Flour
Coimbra, P. P. S., da Silva-e-Silva, A. C. A. G., Antonio, A. D. S., Pereira, H. M. G., da Veiga, V. F., Felzenszwalb, I., Araújo-Lima, C. F., & Teodoro, A. J. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13020277 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
da Silva, D. V. T., Baião, D. D. S., Magalhães, A., Almeida, N. F., Conte‐Júnior, C. A., & Paschoalin, V. M. F. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12101823 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gatti, N., Serio, G., Gentile, C., Bertea, C. M., & Mannino, G. (2024) · Current Plant Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cpb.2024.100373 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sutor-Świeży, K., Proszek, J., Popenda, Ł., & Wybraniec, S. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27249054 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationSutor-Świeży, K., Górska, R., Kumorkiewicz‐Jamro, A., Dziedzic, E., Bieniasz, M., Mielczarek, P., Popenda, Ł., Pasternak, K., Tyszka‐Czochara, M., Baj‐Krzyworzeka, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06225 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationIngale, O. S., Bora, P. P., Pawase, P. A., Bashir, O., Shams, R., Patharkar, S. R., & Roy, S. (2025) · Food and Bioprocess Technology · doi:10.1007/s11947-025-03946-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Popescu, V., Blaga, A. C., Caşcaval, D., & Popescu, A. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12101933 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kozioł, Ł., Knap, M., Sutor-Świeży, K., Górska, R., Dziedzic, E., Bieniasz, M., Mielczarek, P., Popenda, Ł., Tyszka‐Czochara, M., & Wybraniec, S. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138714 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationKüçükgöz, K., Venema, K., Chamorro, F., Cassani, L., Donn, P., Prieto, M. A., & Trząskowska, M. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141141 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mohsen, E., Ezzat, M. I., Sallam, I. E., Zaafar, D. K., Gawish, A. Y., Ahmed, Y. H., Elghandour, A. H., & Issa, M. Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-77860-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
(2024) · Pakistan Veterinary Journal · doi:10.29261/pakvetj/2024.158 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Granados-Chinchilla, F. (2023) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2023.109499 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Coimbra, P. P. S., Teixeira, A. D. C., Trindade, M. E. F., Brito, G. O., Antonio, A. D. S., Souza, L., da Silva-e-Silva, A. C. A. G., Pereira, H. M. G., da Veiga, V. F., Felzenszwalb, I., et al. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143402 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Araujo‐León, J. A., Pino, I. S., Brito-Argáez, L. G., Peraza-Sánchez, S. R., Ortíz‐Andrade, R., & Aguilar‐Hernández, V. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules29225485 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chaari, M., Akermi, S., Elhadef, K., Ennouri, M., Jlaiel, L., Mosrati, M. A., Mellouli, L., Elfalleh, W., Varzakas, T. H., & Smaoui, S. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39784 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Starowicz, M., Płatosz, N., Bączek, N., Szawara‐Nowak, D., Šimková, K., & Wiczkowski, W. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13121791 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Microfiltered red‐purple pitaya concentrate: A promising multifunctional food‐derived colorant
Silva, F. T. D. S., Viana, J. D. D. R., da Silva, M. D. F. G., da Silva, G. S., Guedes, M. I. F., Rebouças, E. D. L., da Silva, A. P. A., Coutinho, M. R., da Silva, A. W., de Souza, A. C. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.17351 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lim, S. H., Bae, S., Lee, H. S., Han, H., & Choi, C. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16091224 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Selin, C., Tanislav, A. E., Stan, L., Teleky, B., Ciont, C., Ranga, F., Mureşan, V., Mureşan, A. E., Vodnar, D. C., Mihai, M., et al. (2025) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.70191 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kurhaluk, N., Kołodziejska, R., Buyun, L., Kamiński, P., & Tkaczenko, H. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27083461 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gozzi, M., Campmajó, G., Dall’Asta, C., Righetti, L., Cirlini, M., Biagi, M., & Bruni, R. (2025) · Applied Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.afres.2025.101215 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Efeitos da interação direta de betalaínas com a luz e com fotossensibilizadores que atuam na retina
Machado, C. D. O. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.46.2022.tde-09082023-172330
Aspectos Plurais em Alimentação e Nutrição
Barros, F. A. L., Cavalcante, J. L. P., & Cordeiro, C. A. M. (2025) · Editora Científica Digital eBooks · doi:10.37885/978-65-988103-8-2
O Poder Escondido da Casca de Beterraba: Inovação, Saúde e Sustentabilidade
Navarro, L. L. D., Kagueyama, S. S., Miculis, C. C., Friedrichsen, J. D. S. A., de Campos, T. A. F., Zeraik, N. B. M., & Vieira, A. M. S. (2025) · Editora Científica Digital eBooks · doi:10.37885/250619481
Red Beetroot: Pigment Efficacy and Safety in the Context of Cancer
Coimbra, P. P. S., Teixeira, A. D. C., Brito, G. O., Lima, T. P. B., Souza, L., Felzenszwalb, I., Teodoro, A. J., & Araújo-Lima, C. F. (2026) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuag006
Efeito de diferentes bioinsumos no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de beterraba
Camargo, M. S., Oliveira, L. A., Silva, K. D. S., & Bebé, F. V. (2026) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v15i7.51396
Betalain Recovery and Stability Assessment
Akhter, M. S., Hasan, M. R., Ratul, S. I., Khan, R. A., & Bhowmik, P. (2026) · Methods and protocols in food science · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-5504-7_4
Strategies to enhance pH-responsivity of betalain-based biopolymer films
Shrestha, B. B., Mitra, J., & Pandey, S. (2026) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2026.2723604
Study on the thermal stability, improving method and mechanism of natural betanin
Wei, X., Hu, Z., Chen, W., 肖旦红, Zeng, X., Bai, W., Dong, H., Liu, X., & Chen, J. (2026) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2026.101533
Relationships between betalains, phenolic compounds and bioactivity in selected plant matrices
Jabłońska, M., Błaszczak, W., & Sawicki, T. (2026) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-026-05322-2
From beetroot to lake pigments: stability and degradation of betanin-based hybrids
Guillot, M., Rigaud, B., Rochut, S., Arberet, L., WALTER, P., Lambert, J., & JABER, M. (2026) · Dyes and Pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2026.114280
Ramírez-Vargas, I., Mendoza-Sevillano, A., & Miano, A. C. (2026) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2026.121156
- Authors
- Sutor-Świeży, K., Antonik, M., Proszek, J., Nemzer, B., Pietrzkowski, Z., Popenda, Ł., Świergosz, T., & Wybraniec, S.
- Affiliations
- Cracow University of Technology (PL)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc. (United States) (US)
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Wybraniec, Sławomir
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-01-23
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1245
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8835778
- OpenAlex
- W4206994671
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 3.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Center (UMO-2017/27/B/NZ9/02831)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Botanical Research and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
- Keywords
- betacyanins, dehydrogenation, thermal oxidation, decarboxylation, betanin, isobetanin, beetroot, Beta vulgaris, pigment degradation, reaction pathways, low pH, food colorants, molecular formula determination
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Decarboxylation, Hot Temperature, Hydrogenation, Oxidation-Reduction, Plant Extracts, Vegetables, Beta vulgaris, Betacyanins, Tandem Mass Spectrometry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
