The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology—Emerging Tools in Diagnostics and Therapy
Abstract
Personalized medicine is emerging as a new goal in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This approach aims to establish differences between patients suffering from the same disease, which allows to choose the most effective treatment. Molecular imaging (MI) enables advanced insight into molecule interactions and disease pathology, improving the process of diagnosis and therapy and, for that reason, plays a crucial role in personalized medicine. Nanoparticles are widely used in MI techniques due to their size, high surface area to volume ratio, and multifunctional properties. After conjugation to specific ligands and drugs, nanoparticles can transport therapeutic compounds directly to their area of action and therefore may be used in theranostics—the simultaneous implementation of treatment and diagnostics. This review summarizes different MI techniques, including optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging, and computed tomography imaging with theranostics nanoparticles. Furthermore, it explores the potential use of constructs that enables multimodal imaging and track diseases in real time.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures

Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Traditional carriers lack intrinsic imaging properties and often require separate agents for diagnostics [91].”
From Advances in green-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy: mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Noninvasive detection of macrophages using a nanoparticulate contrast agent for computed tomography
Hyafil, F., Cornily, J.-C., Feig, J. E., Gordon, R., Vucic, E., Amirbekian, V., Fisher, E. A., Fuster, V., Feldman, L. J., & Fayad, Z. A. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1571 · Cited by 467
Williams, B., MacDonald, T. M., Morant, S. V., Webb, D. J., Sever, P., McInnes, G. T., Ford, I., Cruickshank, J. K., Caulfield, M. J., Padmanabhan, S., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30071-8 · Cited by 347
Fan, C.-H., Ting, C.-Y., Lin, H.-J., Wang, C.-H., Liu, H.-L., Yen, T.-C., & Yeh, C.-K. (2013) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.099 · Cited by 225 · cited 3×
“Ultrasound SPIO trapped in MBs Cancer Coxorubicin [34]”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 79
- Massoud, 2003, Molecular imaging in living subjects: Seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light, Genes Dev., 17, 545, 10.1101/gad.1047403 · DOI
- Osborn, 2008, Advances in molecular imaging of atherosclerotic vascular disease, Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 23, 620, 10.1097/HCO.0b013e328310fc7e · DOI
- Weissleder, 2006, Molecular imaging in cancer, Science, 312, 1168, 10.1126/science.1125949 · DOI
- Weissleder, 2008, Imaging in the era of molecular oncology, Nature, 452, 580, 10.1038/nature06917 · DOI
- Xia, 2008, Nanomaterials at work in biomedical research, Nat. Mater., 7, 758, 10.1038/nmat2277 · DOI
- Lotfipour, 2021, Safety and Toxicity Issues of Therapeutically Used Nanoparticles from the Oral Route, Biomed. Res. Int., 2021, 9322282, 10.1155/2021/9322282 · DOI
- Abad, I., Conesa, C., and Sánchez, L. (2021). Development of Encapsulation Strategies and Composite Edible Films to Maintain Lactoferrin Bioactivity: A Review. Materials, 14. · DOI
- Lamri, M., Bhattacharya, T., Boukid, F., Chentir, I., Dib, A.L., Das, D., Djenane, D., and Gagaoua, M. (2021). Nanotechnology as a Processing and Packaging Tool to Improve Meat Quality and Safety. Foods, 10. · DOI
- Salem, 2022, The control of poultry salmonellosis using organic agents: An updated overview, Poult Sci., 101, 101716, 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101716 · DOI
- Talarska, P., Boruczkowski, M., and Żurawski, J. (2021). Current Knowledge of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles in Laboratory Research-Application, Toxicity, Cellular Uptake. Nanomaterials, 11. · DOI
- Ventola, 2017, Progress in Nanomedicine: Approved and Investigational Nanodrugs, Pharm. Ther., 42, 742
- Mitchell, 2021, Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 20, 101, 10.1038/s41573-020-0090-8 · DOI · Paper page
- Anselmo, 2019, Nanoparticles in the clinic: An update, Bioeng. Transl. Med., 4, e10143, 10.1002/btm2.10143 · DOI · Paper page
- Albalawi, 2021, Engineered Nanomaterials: The Challenges and Opportunities for Nanomedicines, Int. J. Nanomed., 16, 161, 10.2147/IJN.S288236 · DOI
- Abdellatif, 2021, Approved and marketed nanoparticles for disease targeting and applications in COVID-19, Nanotechnol. Rev., 10, 1941, 10.1515/ntrev-2021-0115 · DOI
- Foulkes, 2020, The regulation of nanomaterials and nanomedicines for clinical application: Current and future perspectives, Biomater. Sci., 8, 4653, 10.1039/D0BM00558D · DOI
- Kus-Liśkiewicz, M., Fickers, P., and Ben Tahar, I. (2021). Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22. · DOI
- EFSA Scientific Committee, More, S., Bampidis, V., Benford, D., Bragard, C., Halldorsson, T., Hernández-Jerez, A., Hougaard Bennekou, S., Koutsoumanis, K., and Lambré, C. (2021). Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: Human and animal health. EFSA J., 19, e06768. · DOI
- Ji, Z., Guo, W., Sakkiah, S., Liu, J., Patterson, T.A., and Hong, H. (2021). Nanomaterial Databases: Data Sources for Promoting Design and Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials, 11. · DOI
- Laurent, 2010, Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Stabilization, Vectorization, Physicochemical Characterizations, and Biological Applications, Chem. Rev., 110, 2574, 10.1021/cr900197g · DOI
- Jokerst, 2011, Nanoparticle PEGylation for imaging and therapy, Nanomedicine, 6, 715, 10.2217/nnm.11.19 · DOI
- Brunner, 1972, Essential hypertension: Renin and aldosterone, heart attack and stroke, N. Engl. J. Med., 286, 441, 10.1056/NEJM197203022860901 · DOI
- Hapuarachchige, 2014, Bioorthogonal, two-component delivery systems based on antibody and drug-loaded nanocarriers for enhanced internalization of nanotherapeutics, Biomaterials, 35, 2346, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.075 · DOI
- Hapuarachchige, 2016, Bioorthogonal two-component drug delivery in HER2(+) breast cancer mouse models, Sci. Rep., 6, 24298, 10.1038/srep24298 · DOI
- Luo, 2017, A Programmed Nanoparticle with Self-Adapting for Accurate Cancer Cell Eradication and Therapeutic Self-Reporting, Theranostics, 7, 1245, 10.7150/thno.18187 · DOI
- Paul, 2016, Photoresponsive real time monitoring silicon quantum dots for regulated delivery of anticancer drugs, J. Mater. Chem. B, 4, 521, 10.1039/C5TB02045J · DOI
- Wu, 2014, In Vivo and in Situ Tracking Cancer Chemotherapy by Highly Photostable NIR Fluorescent Theranostic Prodrug, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 3579, 10.1021/ja412380j · DOI
- Guo, 2020, Intelligent nanoenzyme for T1-weighted MRI guided theranostic applications, Chem. Eng. J., 391, 123609, 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123609 · DOI
- Konopka, 2021, Molecularly targeted nanoparticles: An emerging tool for evaluation of expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in a murine model of peripheral artery disease, Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett., 26, 10, 10.1186/s11658-021-00253-0 · DOI
- Konopka, 2018, Multimodal Imaging of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products with Molecularly Targeted Nanoparticles, Theranostics, 8, 5012, 10.7150/thno.24791 · DOI
- Kempen, 2015, Theranostic mesoporous silica nanoparticles biodegrade after pro-survival drug delivery and ultrasound/magnetic resonance imaging of stem cells, Theranostics, 5, 631, 10.7150/thno.11389 · DOI
- Gao, 2017, Oxygen-generating hybrid nanoparticles to enhance fluorescent/photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging guided tumor photodynamic therapy, Biomaterials, 112, 324, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.030 · DOI
- Lee, 2017, Ultrasound-Enhanced siRNA Delivery Using Magnetic Nanoparticle-Loaded Chitosan-Deoxycholic Acid Nanodroplets, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 6, 1246, 10.1002/adhm.201601246 · DOI
- Yang, 2018, Multifunctional Bismuth Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agent for PA/CT Imaging and NIR Laser-Driven Photothermal Therapy, ACS Appl. Nano Mater., 1, 820, 10.1021/acsanm.7b00255 · DOI
- Ren, 2015, MRI-visible liposome nanovehicles for potential tumor-targeted delivery of multimodal therapies, Nanoscale, 7, 12843, 10.1039/C5NR02144H · DOI
- Ding, 2019, All-in-one theranostic nanoplatform with controlled drug release and activated MRI tracking functions for synergistic NIR-II hyperthermia-chemotherapy of tumors, Nano Res., 12, 2971, 10.1007/s12274-019-2540-3 · DOI
- Kim, 2010, A Drug-Loaded Aptamer−Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugate for Combined CT Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer, ACS Nano, 4, 3689, 10.1021/nn901877h · DOI
- Hedhli, 2017, Synthesis, Chemical Characterization and Multiscale Biological Evaluation of a Dimeric-cRGD Peptide for Targeted Imaging of αVβ3 Integrin Activity, Sci. Rep., 7, 3185, 10.1038/s41598-017-03224-8 · DOI
- Hedhli, 2018, Evaluation of a dimeric-cRGD peptide for targeted imaging of peripheral angiogenesis in diabetic mice, Sci. Rep., 8, 5401, 10.1038/s41598-018-23372-9 · DOI
- Konopka, 2020, Quantitative imaging of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products in prostate cancer, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, 47, 2562, 10.1007/s00259-020-04721-1 · DOI
- Chen, 2013, In vivo tumor targeting and image-guided drug delivery with antibody-conjugated, radiolabeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles, ACS Nano, 7, 9027, 10.1021/nn403617j · DOI
- Liu, 2015, A Plasmonic Gold Nanostar Theranostic Probe for In Vivo Tumor Imaging and Photothermal Therapy, Theranostics, 5, 946, 10.7150/thno.11974 · DOI
- Zhao, 2015, Chlorotoxin-Conjugated Multifunctional Dendrimers Labeled with Radionuclide 131I for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging and Radiotherapy of Gliomas, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 19798, 10.1021/acsami.5b05836 · DOI
- Goins, 2017, Techniques for Loading Technetium-99m and Rhenium-186/188 Radionuclides into Preformed Liposomes for Diagnostic Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy, Methods Mol. Biol, 1522, 155, 10.1007/978-1-4939-6591-5_13 · DOI
- Debbage, 2008, Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: Giant roles for dwarf actors, Histochem. Cell Biol., 130, 845, 10.1007/s00418-008-0511-y · DOI
- Cai, 2019, Optical nano-agents in the second near-infrared window for biomedical applications, Chem. Soc. Rev., 48, 22, 10.1039/C8CS00494C · DOI · Paper page
- Chernov, 2017, Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins, Biosensors, and Optogenetic Tools Engineered from Phytochromes, Chem. Rev., 117, 6423, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00700 · DOI
- Ding, 2017, Development of Ion Chemosensors Based on Porphyrin Analogues, Chem. Rev., 117, 2203, 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00021 · DOI
- Bremer, 2001, In vivo molecular target assessment of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, Nat. Med., 7, 743, 10.1038/89126 · DOI · Paper page
- He, 2010, Near-infrared fluorescent nanoprobes for cancer molecular imaging: Status and challenges, Trends Mol. Med., 16, 574, 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.08.006 · DOI
- Yang, 2014, uPAR-targeted Optical Imaging Contrasts as Theranostic Agents for Tumor Margin Detection, Theranostics, 4, 106, 10.7150/thno.7409 · DOI
- Zhang, Q., Du, Y., Li, Y., Liang, X., Yang, X., and Tian, J. (2014, January 1–6). Gx1-conjugated endostar nanoparticle: A new drug delivery system for anti-colorectal cancer in vivo. Proceedings of the SPIE 8956, Reporters, Markers, Dyes, Nanoparticles, and Molecular Probes for Biomedical Applications VI, 895606, San Francisco, CA, USA. · DOI
- Jain, 2003, Nanodiagnostics: Application of nanotechnology in molecular diagnostics, Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn., 3, 153, 10.1586/14737159.3.2.153 · DOI
- Dahan, 2001, Time-gated biological imaging by use of colloidal quantum dots, Opt. Lett., 26, 825, 10.1364/OL.26.000825 · DOI
- Smith, 2006, Multicolor quantum dots for molecular diagnostics of cancer, Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn., 6, 231, 10.1586/14737159.6.2.231 · DOI
- Michalet, 2005, Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics, Science, 307, 538, 10.1126/science.1104274 · DOI
- Wang, 2014, A pH-sensitive theranostics system based on doxorubicin conjugated with the comb-shaped polymer coating of quantum dots, J. Mater. Sci., 49, 7539, 10.1007/s10853-014-8461-3 · DOI
- Chung, 2015, Recent Advances in Targeted, Self-Assembling Nanoparticles to Address Vascular Damage Due to Atherosclerosis, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 4, 2408, 10.1002/adhm.201500126 · DOI
- Janib, 2010, Imaging and drug delivery using theranostic nanoparticles, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 62, 1052, 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.004 · DOI
- Shubayev, 2009, Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 61, 467, 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007 · DOI
- Sun, 2008, Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 60, 1252, 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.018 · DOI
- Veiseh, 2010, Design and fabrication of magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and imaging, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 62, 284, 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.002 · DOI
- Custers, 2010, Block-copolymer-stabilized iodinated emulsions for use as CT contrast agents, Biomaterials, 31, 6537, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.056 · DOI
- Elrod, 2009, An iodinated liposomal computed tomographic contrast agent prepared from a diiodophosphatidylcholine lipid, Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 5, 42, 10.1016/j.nano.2008.06.007 · DOI
- Kong, 2007, Nanoparticulate carrier containing water-insoluble iodinated oil as a multifunctional contrast agent for computed tomography imaging, Biomaterials, 28, 5555, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.08.044 · DOI
- Aviv, 2009, Radiopaque iodinated copolymeric nanoparticles for X-ray imaging applications, Biomaterials, 30, 5610, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.038 · DOI
- Galperin, 2007, Radiopaque iodinated polymeric nanoparticles for X-ray imaging applications, Biomaterials, 28, 4461, 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.06.032 · DOI
- Skajaa, 2010, High-density lipoprotein-based contrast agents for multimodal imaging of atherosclerosis, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 30, 169, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179275 · DOI
- Bao, 2003, A novel liposome radiolabeling method using 99mTc-“SNS/S” complexes: In vitro and in vivo evaluation, J. Pharm. Sci., 92, 1893, 10.1002/jps.10441 · DOI
- Bao, 2006, Potential use of drug carried-liposomes for cancer therapy via direct intratumoral injection, Int. J. Pharm., 316, 162, 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.02.039 · DOI
- Goins, 1993, Biodistribution and imaging studies of technetium-99m-labeled liposomes in rats with focal infection, J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med., 34, 2160
- Goins, 1994, Use of technetium-99m-liposomes in tumor imaging, J. Nucl. Med.Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med., 35, 1491
- Phillips, 2002, Assessment of liposome delivery using scintigraphic imaging, J. Liposome Res., 12, 71, 10.1081/LPR-120004779 · DOI
- Phillips, 2001, Use of (99m) Tc-labeled liposomes encapsulating blue dye for identification of the sentinel lymph node, J. Nucl. Med.Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med., 42, 446
- Kovacs, 2015, Development of (177) Lu-DOTA-Dendrimer and Determination of Its Effect on Metal and Ion Levels in Tumor Tissue, Cancer Biother. Radiopharm., 30, 405
- Reis, 2006, Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles, Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 2, 8, 10.1016/j.nano.2005.12.003 · DOI
- Yang, 2017, New Potential In Situ Anticancer Agent Derived from [188Re] rhenium Nitro-Imidazole Ligand Loaded 5th Generation Poly-L-Lysine Dendrimer for Treatment of Transplanted Human Liver Carcinoma in Nude Mice, Drug Des. Open Access, 6, 1
- Chen, 2014, In vivo tumor vasculature targeted PET/NIRF imaging with TRC105(Fab)-conjugated, dual-labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles, Mol. Pharm., 11, 4007, 10.1021/mp500306k · DOI
- Goel, 2014, VEGF₁₂₁-conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticle: A tumor targeted drug delivery system, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 21677, 10.1021/am506849p · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
El-khawaga, A. M., Youssef, O. I., El-dydamoni, O. A., Ragab, W. M., & Mohammed, R. A. E. (2026) · European Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03804-9 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Woźniak, M., Płoska, A., Siekierzycka, A., Dobrucki, L. W., Kalinowski, L., & Dobrucki, I. T.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-02-28
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2658
- ISSN
- 1422-0067
- PMC
- PMC8910312
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 3
- Language
- en
- Funders
- National Science Center (2019/33/B/NZ7/02699)
- Ministry of Science and Higher Education (DIR/WK/2017/01, 10/E-389/SPUB/SP/2020)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review