The DOI matches its Crossref record; 176 of the 176 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biomarker of Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, which subsequently causes motor symptoms. Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD. This neuroinflammatory neurodegeneration involves the activation of microglia, upregulation of proinflammatory factors, and gut microbiota. In this review, we summarized the recent findings on detection of PD by using inflammatory biomarkers, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) and high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP); and radiotracers such as [11C]PK11195 and [18F]-FEPPA, as well as by monitoring disease progression and the treatment response. Many PD-causing mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1 are also associated with neuroinflammation. Several anti-inflammatory medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), inhibitors of TNF-α and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), agonists of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and steroids, have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in in vivo or in vitro PD models. Clinical trials applying objective biomarkers are required to investigate the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory medications for PD.
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1 retracted
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RetractedStaging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease
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A role for mitochondria in nlrp3 inflammasome activation
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Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism
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Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease
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Hereditary Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease Caused by Mutations in PINK1
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Mutations in LRRK2 Cause Autosomal-Dominant Parkinsonism with Pleomorphic Pathology
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PINK1 Is Selectively Stabilized on Impaired Mitochondria to Activate Parkin
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Cited by
Parkinson’s Disease: Bridging Gaps, Building Biomarkers, and Reimagining Clinical Translation
Tanaka, M. (2025) · doi:10.20944/preprints202506.2099.v2 · Cited by 57
Liu, J., Chen, Q., & Su, R. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037960 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, T.-W., Chen, C.-M., & Chang, K.-H.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-04-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4148
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4224251003
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 176
- FWCI
- 23.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
